9.2.1
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 9 / 9.2.1
अस्येदं कार्यं कारणं संयोगि विरोधि समवायि चेति लैङ्गिकम्
asyedaṃ kāryaṃ kāraṇaṃ saṃyogi virodhi samavāyi ceti laiṅgikam
The line
'This is its effect, its cause, what is joined with it, what opposes it, and what inheres in it': that is knowing by a mark.
नेपालीमा
चिह्नले जान्नु भनेको यो यसको कार्य हो, यसको कारण हो, यसमा जोडिएको हो, यसको विरोधी हो, र यसमा समवायले रहेको हो भन्ने ज्ञान हो।
Where it sits
Adhyāya (अध्याय) 9 has turned to the kinds of cognition. 9.2.3 will say that verbal knowing is explained by this account. 9.2.4 will say that reason, mark, means, and instrument are names for one job.
Split: asya (अस्य) + idam (इदम्) + kāryam (कार्यम्) + kāraṇam (कारणम्) + saṃyogi (संयोगि) + virodhi (विरोधि) + samavāyi (समवायि) + ca (च) + iti (इति) + laiṅgikam (लैङ्गिकम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| asya (अस्य) | genitive singular | of this |
| idam (इदम्) | nominative singular, neuter | this. The line joins the two as asyedam (अस्येदम्). a (अ) + i (इ) = e (ए). |
| kāryam (कार्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | the effect |
| kāraṇam (कारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | the cause |
| saṃyogi (संयोगि) | nominative singular, masculine | what is joined with it. The stem is saṃyogin (संयोगिन्). |
| virodhi (विरोधि) | nominative singular, masculine | what opposes it. The stem is virodhin (विरोधिन्). |
| samavāyi (समवायि) | nominative singular, masculine | what inheres. The stem is samavāyin (समवायिन्). |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus. It closes the list. |
| laiṅgikam (लैङ्गिकम्) | nominative singular, neuter | what works through a liṅga (लिङ्ग), a mark |
The phrases
asyedam (अस्येदम्) is the frame for each name. This, the thing in front of you, is the effect of that, or the cause of that, or what is joined with it, or what opposes it, or what inheres in it.
iti (इति) packages the five, and laiṅgikam (लैङ्गिकम्) names the kind of knowing. The five are five ways a mark can stand to what it marks. They are not five means.
Sanskrit in this line
The line writes saṃyogi (संयोगि), virodhi (विरोधि), and samavāyi (समवायि) with a short i (इ). The stems are saṃyogin (संयोगिन्), virodhin (विरोधिन्), and samavāyin (समवायिन्). asyedam (अस्येदम्) is asya (अस्य) + idam (इदम्). ceti (चेति) is ca (च) + iti (इति).
Say it back
Name the five relations, and say that the line calls the whole of them laiṅgika (लैङ्गिक).