Speech and sound / Vākyapadīya / 1.44 Two words
1.44
द्वावुपादानशब्देषु शब्दौ शब्दविदो विदुः ।
एको निमित्तं शब्दानामपरोऽर्थे प्रयुज्यते dvāv upādānaśabdeṣu śabdau śabdavido viduḥ |
eko nimittaṃ śabdānāmaparo 'rthe prayujyate
The line
Among the words one takes up, knowers of the word know two words. One is the cause of words. The other is put to use for the meaning.
नेपालीमा
लिइने शब्दहरूमध्ये शब्दका ज्ञाताहरू दुई शब्द जान्छन्। एउटा शब्दहरूको कारण हो र अर्को अर्थका लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
Where it sits
This is the first kārikā (कारिका) of the sphoṭa (स्फोट) stretch sat here. 1.43 is not sat. Nothing of the two words is carried in from a previous line. 1.1 named Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) as the word-principle. This verse starts the account of the word one actually uses. The next verse says how an undivided word is born from divided ones.
Split: dvau (द्वौ) + upādāna-śabdeṣu (उपादान-शब्देषु) + śabdau (शब्दौ) + śabda-vidaḥ (शब्द-विदः) + viduḥ (विदुः) + ekaḥ (एकः) + nimittam (निमित्तम्) + śabdānām (शब्दानाम्) + aparaḥ (अपरः) + arthe (अर्थे) + prayujyate (प्रयुज्यते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| dvau (द्वौ) | nominative dual, masculine | Two. Before the vowel of upādāna (उपादान) it is heard dvāv (द्वाव्). |
| upādāna-śabdeṣu (उपादान-शब्देषु) | locative plural, masculine | Among the words one takes up. upādāna (उपादान) is the taking up. śabda (शब्द) is word. |
| śabdau (शब्दौ) | nominative dual, masculine | Two words. Agrees with dvau (द्वौ). |
| śabda-vidaḥ (शब्द-विदः) | nominative plural, masculine | Knowers of the word. vid (विद्), one who knows, in a compound with śabda (शब्द). Heard śabdavido (शब्दविदो) before viduḥ (विदुः). |
| viduḥ (विदुः) | perfect, third person plural | They know. From the root vid (विद्). |
| ekaḥ (एकः) | nominative singular, masculine | One. Heard eko (एको) before nimittam (निमित्तम्). |
| nimittam (निमित्तम्) | nominative singular, neuter | A cause. The predicate of ekaḥ (एकः). Before śabdānām (शब्दानाम्) the final m (म्) is the anusvara. |
| śabdānām (शब्दानाम्) | genitive plural, masculine | Of words. In the recited line the final m (म्) meets the vowel of aparaḥ (अपरः) and is written as the consonant m (म्). |
| aparaḥ (अपरः) | nominative singular, masculine | The other. Heard aparo (अपरो) before arthe (अर्थे), and the a (अ) of arthe (अर्थे) drops. |
| arthe (अर्थे) | locative singular, masculine | For the meaning. In the meaning. |
| prayujyate (प्रयुज्यते) | present, third person singular, passive | Is put to use. From pra (प्र) and the root yuj (युज्). |
The phrases
Among the words one takes up, knowers of the word know two words.
One is the cause of words. The other is the one put to use for the meaning.
Sanskrit in this line
Dvau (द्वौ) plus upādāna (उपादान). au (औ) plus u (उ) is āv (आव्), and the recited line writes them as one: द्वावुपादान.
Ekaḥ (एकः) before nimittam (निमित्तम्). A visarga after short a (अ), before a voiced consonant, is heard as o (ओ): eko nimittam (एको निमित्तम्). The same join makes śabdavido viduḥ (शब्दविदो विदुः) and aparo 'rthe (अपरोऽर्थे).
Aparaḥ (अपरः) plus arthe (अर्थे) is aparo 'rthe (अपरोऽर्थे). The apostrophe is the dropped a (अ).
Say it back
Cover the page below the verse. Name the two words, and say which one is put to use for the meaning.