Speech and sound / Vākyapadīya / 1.78 Primary and secondary
1.78
शब्दस्य ग्रहणे हेतुः प्राकृतो ध्वनिरिष्यते ।
स्थितिभेदनिमित्तत्वं वैकृतः प्रतिपद्यते śabdasya grahaṇe hetuḥ prākṛto dhvanir iṣyate |
sthitibhedanimittatvaṃ vaikṛtaḥ pratipadyate
The line
The primary dhvani (ध्वनि) is accepted as the cause of grasping the word. The secondary one takes on being the cause of a difference in how long it stays.
नेपालीमा
प्राथमिक ध्वनिलाई शब्द ग्रहणको कारण मानिन्छ। गौण चाहिँ त्यो कति बेर रहन्छ भन्ने भेदको कारण बन्छ।
Where it sits
The first half names dhvani (ध्वनि). The second half's vaikṛtaḥ (वैकृतः) is that noun, now the modified one. 1.79 makes the plural vaikṛtāḥ dhvanayaḥ (वैकृताः ध्वनयः) explicit.
Split: śabdasya (शब्दस्य) + grahaṇe (ग्रहणे) + hetuḥ (हेतुः) + prākṛtaḥ (प्राकृतः) + dhvaniḥ (ध्वनिः) + iṣyate (इष्यते) + sthiti-bheda-nimittatvam (स्थिति-भेद-निमित्तत्वम्) + vaikṛtaḥ (वैकृतः) + pratipadyate (प्रतिपद्यते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| śabdasya (शब्दस्य) | genitive singular, masculine | Of the word. |
| grahaṇe (ग्रहणे) | locative singular, neuter | In the grasping. |
| hetuḥ (हेतुः) | nominative singular, masculine | The cause. |
| prākṛtaḥ (प्राकृतः) | nominative singular, masculine | Primary. Agrees with dhvaniḥ (ध्वनिः). Heard prākṛto (प्राकृतो) before it. 1.77 has just used the word. |
| dhvaniḥ (ध्वनिः) | nominative singular, masculine | The dhvani (ध्वनि). Heard dhvanir (ध्वनिर्) before iṣyate (इष्यते). |
| iṣyate (इष्यते) | present, third person singular, passive | Is accepted. From the root iṣ (इष्). |
| sthiti-bheda-nimittatvam (स्थिति-भेद-निमित्तत्वम्) | accusative singular, neuter | Being the cause of a difference in duration. sthiti (स्थिति) is how long something stays. bheda (भेद) is a difference. nimittatva (निमित्तत्व) is the state of being a cause. |
| vaikṛtaḥ (वैकृतः) | nominative singular, masculine | The secondary one. vikṛta (विकृत) is what has been modified. The noun dhvani (ध्वनि) is understood from the first half. The line does not repeat it. Anuvṛtti (अनुवृत्ति). |
| pratipadyate (प्रतिपद्यते) | present, third person singular, ātmanepada (आत्मनेपद) | Takes on. From prati (प्रति) and the root pad (पद्). |
The phrases
The primary dhvani (ध्वनि) is accepted as the cause of grasping the word.
The secondary dhvani (ध्वनि) takes on being the cause of a difference in duration.
Sanskrit in this line
Prākṛtaḥ (प्राकृतः) before dhvaniḥ (ध्वनिः) is prākṛto (प्राकृतो). A visarga after short a (अ), before a voiced consonant, is heard as o (ओ).
Dhvaniḥ (ध्वनिः) plus iṣyate (इष्यते) is dhvanir iṣyate (ध्वनिरिष्यते), written dhvaniriṣyate (ध्वनिरिष्यते). A visarga before a vowel becomes r (र्).
Say it back
Say what the primary dhvani (ध्वनि) causes, and say what the secondary one causes.