Speech and sound / Vākyapadīya / 1.77 Time transferred
1.77
स्वभावभेदान्नित्यत्वे ह्रस्वदीर्घप्लुतादिषु ।
प्राकृतस्य ध्वनेः कालः शब्दस्येत्युपचर्यते svabhāvabhedānnityatve hrasvadīrghaplutādiṣu |
prākṛtasya dhvaneḥ kālaḥ śabdasyety upacaryate
The line
From a difference of own nature, among short, long, pluta (प्लुत), and the rest, when the word is eternal, the time of the primary dhvani (ध्वनि) is transferred onto the word.
नेपालीमा
ह्रस्व, दीर्घ, प्लुत र अरूमा स्वभावको भेदबाट, शब्द नित्य हुँदा, प्राथमिक ध्वनिको काल शब्दमा सारिन्छ।
Where it sits
1.76 said the sphoṭa (स्फोट) has an undivided time and still follows the dhvani (ध्वनि)'s time. This verse names that dhvani (ध्वनि) prākṛta (प्राकृत), primary. 1.78 keeps the word and sets a secondary dhvani (ध्वनि) beside it.
Split: svabhāva-bhedāt (स्वभाव-भेदात्) + nityatve (नित्यत्वे) + hrasva-dīrgha-pluta-ādiṣu (ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-प्लुत-आदिषु) + prākṛtasya (प्राकृतस्य) + dhvaneḥ (ध्वनेः) + kālaḥ (कालः) + śabdasya (शब्दस्य) + iti (इति) + upacaryate (उपचर्यते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| svabhāva-bhedāt (स्वभाव-भेदात्) | ablative singular, masculine | From a difference of own nature. The ablative gives the ground of the transfer. |
| nityatve (नित्यत्वे) | locative singular, neuter | In the state of being eternal. When the word is taken as eternal. |
| hrasva-dīrgha-pluta-ādiṣu (ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-प्लुत-आदिषु) | locative plural, masculine | Among short, long, prolated, and the rest. The three lengths of a vowel, and what follows them. |
| prākṛtasya (प्राकृतस्य) | genitive singular, masculine | Of the primary one. Agrees with dhvaneḥ (ध्वनेः). prākṛta (प्राकृत) is what belongs to the thing's own making. |
| dhvaneḥ (ध्वनेः) | genitive singular, masculine | Of the dhvani (ध्वनि). |
| kālaḥ (कालः) | nominative singular, masculine | The time. The subject of upacaryate (उपचर्यते). |
| śabdasya (शब्दस्य) | genitive singular, masculine | Of the word. With iti (इति), this is how the time is spoken of. |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | Marks the way it is said. Heard ity (इत्य्) before upacaryate (उपचर्यते). |
| upacaryate (उपचर्यते) | present, third person singular, passive | Is transferred. Is spoken of as belonging somewhere else. From upa (उप) and the root car (चर्). |
The phrases
Short, long, and pluta (प्लुत) are a difference of own nature, and they belong with the primary dhvani (ध्वनि).
When the word is eternal, that time is transferred, and it is spoken of as the word's.
Sanskrit in this line
Svabhāva-bhedāt (स्वभाव-भेदात्) plus nityatve (नित्यत्वे). A final t (त्) before n (न्) is heard as n (न्): svabhāvabhedān nityatve (स्वभावभेदान् नित्यत्वे), written as one.
Iti (इति) plus upacaryate (उपचर्यते) is ityupacaryate (इत्युपचर्यते). i (इ) before a vowel becomes y (य्).
Say it back
Say whose time is transferred, and say onto what.