Speech and sound / Vākyapadīya / 1.50 Sphoṭa and nāda
1.50
प्रतिबिम्बं यथान्यत्र स्थितं तोयक्रियावशात् ।
तत्प्रवृत्तिमिवान्वेति स धर्मः स्फोटनादयोः pratibimbaṃ yathānyatra sthitaṃ toyakriyāvaśāt |
tatpravṛttimivānveti sa dharmaḥ sphoṭanādayoḥ
The line
As a reflection situated elsewhere follows that movement because of the water's activity, that property of sphoṭa (स्फोट) and nāda (नाद) follows it.
नेपालीमा
पानीको क्रियाका कारण अर्कै ठाउँमा रहेको प्रतिबिम्ब जसरी त्यो गति पछ्याउँछ, त्यसरी नै स्फोट र नादको त्यो गुण त्यसलाई पछ्याउँछ।
Where it sits
This is the kārikā (कारिका) that names the pair. Sphoṭa (स्फोट) is the word grasped as one, the word 1.49 called akrama (अक्रम), without sequence. Nāda (नाद) is the sounding born in sequence. 1.51 through 1.75 are not sat. The next sitting is 1.76. The Saṅgītaratnākara (सङ्गीतरत्नाकर) uses nāda (नाद) for musical sound. This verse's nāda (नाद) is the sounding that carries sphoṭa (स्फोट).
Split: pratibimbam (प्रतिबिम्बम्) + yathā (यथा) + anyatra (अन्यत्र) + sthitam (स्थितम्) + toya-kriyā-vaśāt (तोय-क्रिया-वशात्) + tat-pravṛttim (तत्-प्रवृत्तिम्) + iva (इव) + anveti (अन्वेति) + saḥ (सः) + dharmaḥ (धर्मः) + sphoṭa-nādayoḥ (स्फोट-नादयोः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pratibimbam (प्रतिबिम्बम्) | nominative singular, neuter | A reflection. |
| yathā (यथा) | indeclinable | As. In the recited line it joins anyatra (अन्यत्र): yathānyatra (यथान्यत्र). |
| anyatra (अन्यत्र) | indeclinable | Elsewhere. |
| sthitam (स्थितम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Situated. Agrees with pratibimbam (प्रतिबिम्बम्). |
| toya-kriyā-vaśāt (तोय-क्रिया-वशात्) | ablative singular, masculine | Because of the water's activity. toya (तोय) is water. kriyā (क्रिया) is activity. vaśa (वश) is the force of it, masculine. The ablative gives the cause. |
| tat-pravṛttim (तत्-प्रवृत्तिम्) | accusative singular, feminine | That movement. The object of anveti (अन्वेति). |
| iva (इव) | indeclinable | As. It marks the reflection as the comparison. Heard ivānveti (इवान्वेति). |
| anveti (अन्वेति) | present, third person singular | Follows. From anu (अनु) and the root i (इ). |
| saḥ (सः) | nominative singular, masculine | That. Before a consonant it is heard sa (स), not so (सो). It agrees with dharmaḥ (धर्मः). |
| dharmaḥ (धर्मः) | nominative singular, masculine | A property. |
| sphoṭa-nādayoḥ (स्फोट-नादयोः) | genitive dual, masculine | Of sphoṭa (स्फोट) and of nāda (नाद). The dual ending -ayoḥ (-अयोः) names the pair. |
The phrases
A reflection, situated elsewhere, follows that movement because of the water's activity.
That property, the following, belongs to sphoṭa (स्फोट) and nāda (नाद).
Sanskrit in this line
Yathā (यथा) plus anyatra (अन्यत्र) is yathānyatra (यथान्यत्र). The same join of two short a (अ) vowels makes toyakriyā (तोयक्रिया) from toya (तोय) plus kriyā (क्रिया).
Tat-pravṛttim (तत्-प्रवृत्तिम्) plus iva (इव) plus anveti (अन्वेति). A final m (म्) before a vowel becomes the consonant m (म्), and i (इ) plus a (अ) is ā (आ): tatpravṛttimivānveti (तत्प्रवृत्तिमिवान्वेति).
Saḥ (सः) before dharmaḥ (धर्मः) stays sa (स). Before a consonant, saḥ (सः) is not heard as so (सो). So (सो) is the form before a vowel, as in 1.48.
Say it back
Name the pair in the genitive dual, and say what the reflection is doing.