Speech and sound / Vākyapadīya / 1.48 Carried by dhvani
1.48
वितर्कितः पुरा बुद्ध्या क्व चिदर्थे निवेशितः ।
करणेभ्यो विवृत्तेन ध्वनिना सोऽनुगृह्यते vitarkitaḥ purā buddhyā kva cid arthe niveśitaḥ |
karaṇebhyo vivṛttena dhvaninā so 'nugṛhyate
The line
First turned over by the intellect and placed on some meaning, it is carried by the dhvani (ध्वनि) that has come out from the organs.
नेपालीमा
पहिले बुद्धिले पल्टाएर कुनै अर्थमा राखिएपछि त्यो इन्द्रियबाट निस्केको ध्वनिले बोकेर लगिन्छ।
Where it sits
The subject is the word of 1.47, the one seated in the intellect. Saḥ (सः) at the end of the verse names it. 1.49 keeps that saḥ (सः).
Split: vitarkitaḥ (वितर्कितः) + purā (पुरा) + buddhyā (बुद्ध्या) + kva (क्व) + cit (चित्) + arthe (अर्थे) + niveśitaḥ (निवेशितः) + karaṇebhyaḥ (करणेभ्यः) + vivṛttena (विवृत्तेन) + dhvaninā (ध्वनिना) + saḥ (सः) + anugṛhyate (अनुगृह्यते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| vitarkitaḥ (वितर्कितः) | nominative singular, masculine | Turned over, considered. A past participle. The subject is the word seated in the intellect in 1.47. This verse does not rename it. |
| purā (पुरा) | indeclinable | First. Before. |
| buddhyā (बुद्ध्या) | instrumental singular, feminine | By the intellect. |
| kva (क्व) | indeclinable | Where. With cit (चित्), on some one. |
| cit (चित्) | indeclinable | Some. Heard cid (चिद्) before arthe (अर्थे). |
| arthe (अर्थे) | locative singular, masculine | On a meaning. |
| niveśitaḥ (निवेशितः) | nominative singular, masculine | Placed. A past participle, agreeing with the unstated word. |
| karaṇebhyaḥ (करणेभ्यः) | ablative plural, neuter | From the organs. karaṇa (करण) is an organ, here of speech. Heard karaṇebhyo (करणेभ्यो) before vivṛttena (विवृत्तेन). |
| vivṛttena (विवृत्तेन) | instrumental singular, masculine | By what has come out. Agrees with dhvaninā (ध्वनिना). |
| dhvaninā (ध्वनिना) | instrumental singular, masculine | By the dhvani (ध्वनि), the sounding. |
| saḥ (सः) | nominative singular, masculine | That one. The same word. Before the vowel it is heard so (सो). |
| anugṛhyate (अनुगृह्यते) | present, third person singular, passive | Is carried along. From anu (अनु) and the root grah (ग्रह्). |
The phrases
First the intellect turns the word over and places it on some meaning.
Then the dhvani (ध्वनि) that has come out from the organs carries it.
Sanskrit in this line
Cit (चित्) before arthe (अर्थे) is cid arthe (चिदर्थे), written cidarthe (चिदर्थे). A final t (त्) before a vowel is heard as d (द्).
Karaṇebhyaḥ (करणेभ्यः) before vivṛttena (विवृत्तेन). A visarga after short a (अ), before a voiced consonant, is heard as o (ओ): karaṇebhyo (करणेभ्यो).
Saḥ (सः) plus anugṛhyate (अनुगृह्यते) is so 'nugṛhyate (सोऽनुगृह्यते). The visarga becomes o (ओ), and the a (अ) drops.
Say it back
Say what carries the word, and say where the word was placed before that.