1.17
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः ।
धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः ॥
kāśyaś ca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ
dhṛṣṭadyumno virāṭaś ca sātyakiś cāparājitaḥ
More of the Pāṇḍava (पाण्डव) side. Some of these names Duryodhana already listed. Sañjaya (सञ्जय) is not repeating the boast. He is saying who blew.
The verse
And the king of Kāśi (काशि), of supreme bow, and Śikhaṇḍin (शिखण्डिन्), the great chariot-warrior, and Dhṛṣṭadyumna (धृष्टद्युम्न), and Virāṭa (विराट), and the unconquered Sātyaki (सात्यकि).
नेपालीमा
र श्रेष्ठ धनुष भएका काशिका राजा, ठूलो रथी शिखण्डिन्, धृष्टद्युम्न, विराट, र नजितिएका सात्यकि पनि थिए।
Where it sits
Śikhaṇḍin (शिखण्डिन्) is a name with a future. Bhīṣma (भीष्म) has a vow about him. The verse only calls him a mahāratha (महारथ). Dhṛṣṭadyumna (धृष्टद्युम्न), who arrayed the army in 1.3, is here as a voice in the conch-blast, not as a tactician. The repetition of names from Duryodhana's list is Sañjaya (सञ्जय) saying: the men he feared are the men now sounding.
Split: काश्यः + च + परम-इष्वासः + शिखण्डी + च + महारथः + धृष्टद्युम्नः + विराटः + च + सात्यकिः + च + अपराजितः
kāśyaḥ + ca + parama-iṣvāsaḥ + śikhaṇḍī + ca + mahārathaḥ + dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ + virāṭaḥ + ca + sātyakiḥ + ca + aparājitaḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| काश्यः | kāśyaḥ | nominative | the king of Kāśi (काशि). Same man as kāśirāja (काशिराज) in 1.5. |
| परम-इष्वासः | parama-iṣvāsaḥ | nominative, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | of supreme bow. A great archer. |
| शिखण्डी | śikhaṇḍī | nominative | Śikhaṇḍin (शिखण्डिन्), the Pāñcāla (पाञ्चाल) warrior before whom Bhīṣma (भीष्म) will not fight. |
| महारथः | mahārathaḥ | nominative | a great chariot-warrior. |
| धृष्टद्युम्नः | dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ | nominative | Dhṛṣṭadyumna (धृष्टद्युम्न). The son of Drupada from 1.3. The commander. |
| विराटः | virāṭaḥ | nominative | Virāṭa (विराट), again. |
| सात्यकिः | sātyakiḥ | nominative | Sātyaki (सात्यकि). Yuyudhāna (युयुधान), under the other name. |
| अपराजितः | aparājitaḥ | nominative | unconquered. a- (अ-) plus parājita (पराजित), "defeated." |
The phrases
kāśyaś ca parameṣvāsaḥ (काश्यश् च परमेष्वासः) is the king of Kāśi (काशि), called a supreme archer. kāśyaḥ ca (काश्यः च) becomes kāśyaś ca (काश्यश् च). अ + इ a + i inside परम + इष्वास parama + iṣvāsa becomes e (ए): parameṣvāsa (परमेष्वास).
śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ (शिखण्डी च महारथः) gives Śikhaṇḍin (शिखण्डिन्) the rank.
dhṛṣṭadyumno virāṭaś ca sātyakiś ca (धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश् च सात्यकिश् च) is three names. dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ (धृष्टद्युम्नः) becomes dhṛṣṭadyumno (धृष्टद्युम्नो) before the voiced v (व्). The two ca (च) words show the ś (श्) sandhi again.
aparājitaḥ (अपराजितः) describes Sātyaki (सात्यकि). च + अ ca + a has become cā (चा): you hear sātyakiś cāparājitaḥ (सात्यकिश् चापराजितः), and you split sātyakiḥ ca aparājitaḥ (सात्यकिः च अपराजितः).
Sanskrit in this line
ca (च) after each name is the spoken rhythm of a list. You do not need a new meaning for each ca (च). You need to hear it as the hinge.
aparājita (अपराजित) is the negative a- (अ-) on a past participle. parājita (पराजित) is "defeated." a- (अ-) says "not." This a- (अ-) is not the past-time prefix of akurvata (अकुर्वत) in 1.1. It sits on a noun or an adjective and reverses it. You saw it do that to paryāpta (पर्याप्त) in 1.10.
Say it back
Five fighters. Mark the one who is "unconquered," and undo cāparājitaḥ (चापराजितः) into ca (च) plus the word.