1.20
अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः ।
प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः ।
हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते ॥
atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapidhvajaḥ
pravṛtte śastrasampāte dhanur udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ
hṛṣīkeśaṃ tadā vākyam idam āha mahīpate
Sañjaya (सञ्जय) is speaking. The verse has three lines. Recite all three before you split.
The verse
Then, seeing the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र) arrayed, when the clash of weapons had begun, the son of Pāṇḍu (पाण्डु), monkey-bannered, took up his bow and said this to Hṛṣīkeśa (हृषीकेश), O lord of the earth.
नेपालीमा
हे पृथ्वीका स्वामी, हतियारको टकराव सुरु भएपछि, मिलाएर उभिएका धृतराष्ट्रका छोराहरूलाई देखेर बाँदरको ध्वजा भएका पाण्डुका छोराले धनुष उठाए र हृषीकेशलाई यो भने।
Where it sits
The conches are over. Weapons are about to meet. Arjuna's first act is the act of a fighter: the bow comes up. His second act is a sentence to the man beside him. The bow will be down by 1.47. This verse is the last moment it is up, until the very end of the book.
kapidhvaja (कपिध्वज) puts Hanumān (हनुमान्) on the chariot without telling the story. You do not need the story to read the compound. The compound says the banner is a monkey. The man under that banner is about to ask to look at his own family.
Split: अथ + व्यवस्थितान् + दृष्ट्वा + धार्तराष्ट्रान् + कपि-ध्वजः + प्रवृत्ते + शस्त्र-सम्पाते + धनुः + उद्यम्य + पाण्डवः + हृषीकेशम् + तदा + वाक्यम् + इदम् + आह + महीपते
atha + vyavasthitān + dṛṣṭvā + dhārtarāṣṭrān + kapi-dhvajaḥ + pravṛtte + śastra-sampāte + dhanuḥ + udyamya + pāṇḍavaḥ + hṛṣīkeśam + tadā + vākyam + idam + āha + mahīpate
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| अथ | atha | indeclinable | then. A new moment. |
| व्यवस्थितान् | vyavasthitān | accusative plural | arrayed, drawn up in their places. |
| दृष्ट्वा | dṛṣṭvā | gerund | having seen. |
| धार्तराष्ट्रान् | dhārtarāṣṭrān | accusative plural | the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र). |
| कपि-ध्वजः | kapi-dhvajaḥ | nominative, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | he whose banner is a monkey. Arjuna. Hanumān (हनुमान्) on the flag. |
| प्रवृत्ते | pravṛtte | locative | begun, set going. |
| शस्त्र-सम्पाते | śastra-sampāte | locative | in the clash of weapons. sampāta (सम्पात) is a falling together. |
| धनुः | dhanuḥ | stem in the compound-like join | bow. |
| उद्यम्य | udyamya | gerund | having raised. From ud-yam (उद्-यम्). |
| पाण्डवः | pāṇḍavaḥ | nominative | the son of Pāṇḍu (पाण्डु). Arjuna again, by the other name. |
| हृषीकेशम् | hṛṣīkeśam | accusative | Hṛṣīkeśa (हृषीकेश). Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण), the man in the same chariot. |
| तदा | tadā | indeclinable | then. |
| वाक्यम् | vākyam | accusative | a speech, these words. |
| इदम् | idam | accusative | this. |
| आह | āha | perfect, 3rd singular | he said. From ah (अह्). |
| महीपते | mahīpate | vocative | lord of the earth. Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र), as in 1.18. |
The phrases
atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān (अथ व्यवस्थितान् दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान्) is the first gerund. Having seen Dhṛtarāṣṭra's (धृतराष्ट्र) sons arrayed. n (न्) before d (द्) is written into the join: vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā (व्यवस्थितान् दृष्ट्वा) is recited as one run, vyavasthitāndṛṣṭvā (व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा).
kapidhvajaḥ (कपिध्वजः) is Arjuna, named by the flag. pāṇḍavaḥ (पाण्डवः) later in the verse is the same man. Two nominatives, one subject, the pattern of 1.15.
pravṛtte śastrasampāte (प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते) is a locative absolute. When the clash of weapons had begun. The moment is staged before the main verb.
धनुर् उद्यम्य dhanur udyamya is the second gerund. Having taken up the bow. dhanuḥ (धनुः) before the vowel of udyamya (उद्यम्य) becomes dhanur (धनुर्). You hear dhanurudyamya (धनुरुद्यम्य).
हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यम् इदम् आह hṛṣīkeśaṃ tadā vākyam idam āha is the main clause. Then he said this speech to Hṛṣīkeśa (हृषीकेश). वाक्यम् इदम् vākyam idam is what he said. The speech itself starts at 1.21.
mahīpate (महीपते) is Sañjaya (सञ्जय), not Arjuna. The vocative faces the king in the palace, over the top of the scene.
Sanskrit in this line
Two gerunds, one main verb. dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा) and udyamya (उद्यम्य) both mean "having done," and both belong to pāṇḍavaḥ (पाण्डवः), the subject of āha (आह). udyamya (उद्यम्य) takes --ya (य) because of the prefix ud- (उद्-). dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा) takes --tvā (त्वा) because dṛś (दृश्) has none. The same distinction as 1.2.
A locative absolute with a participle, pravṛtte (प्रवृत्ते), gives the time. "When the clash had started." You are not looking for a preposition. The case is the preposition.
Say it back
What did he see, what did he raise, whom did he speak to. Three verbs, two of them gerunds.