1.28
अर्जुन उवाच
दृष्ट्वेमं स्वजनं कृष्ण युयुत्सुं समुपस्थितम् ।
सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति ॥
arjuna uvāca
dṛṣṭvemaṃ svajanaṃ kṛṣṇa yuyutsuṃ samupasthitam
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati
Arjuna, to Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण). The name kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is his, finally, in the vocative.
The verse
Arjuna said: Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण), seeing my own people assembled here, eager to fight, my limbs fail and my mouth dries up.
नेपालीमा
अर्जुनले भने, हे कृष्ण, यहाँ लड्न आतुर भएर जम्मा भएका आफ्ना मानिसहरूलाई देख्दा मेरा अङ्ग शिथिल हुन्छन् र मुख सुक्छ।
Where it sits
The argument has not started. The body has. He will spend the rest of the chapter building a case, and the case is standing on these limbs. svajanam (स्वजनम्) is the word to keep. "My own people" replaces dhārtarāṣṭrān (धार्तराष्ट्रान्), "the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र)," which is what he saw in 1.20 before he asked to look.
Split: दृष्ट्वा + इमम् + स्व-जनम् + कृष्ण + युयुत्सुम् + समुपस्थितम् + सीदन्ति + मम + गात्राणि + मुखम् + च + परिशुष्यति
dṛṣṭvā + imam + sva-janam + kṛṣṇa + yuyutsum + samupasthitam + sīdanti + mama + gātrāṇi + mukham + ca + pariśuṣyati
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| दृष्ट्वा | dṛṣṭvā | gerund | having seen. |
| इमम् | imam | accusative masculine | this. |
| स्व-जनम् | sva-janam | accusative | one's own people. sva (स्व) "own," jana (जन) "people." |
| कृष्ण | kṛṣṇa | vocative | Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण). |
| युयुत्सुम् | yuyutsum | accusative | wanting to fight. The same desiderative as 1.1, now singular, describing his own people. |
| समुपस्थितम् | samupasthitam | accusative | come up, present, assembled. |
| सीदन्ति | sīdanti | present, 3rd plural | they sink, they fail. |
| मम | mama | genitive | my. |
| गात्राणि | gātrāṇi | nominative plural, neuter | limbs. |
| मुखम् | mukham | nominative | the mouth. |
| परिशुष्यति | pariśuṣyati | present, 3rd singular | it dries up completely. |
The phrases
dṛṣṭvā imam svajanam (दृष्ट्वा इमम् स्वजनम्) is "having seen this, my own people." दृष्ट्वा + इमम् dṛṣṭvā + imam becomes dṛṣṭvemam (दृष्ट्वेमम्), because अ + इ a + i becomes e (ए).
kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) sits in the middle, vocative, the way ācārya (आचार्य) sat in the middle of 1.3.
yuyutsuṃ samupasthitam (युयुत्सुं समुपस्थितम्) describes svajanam (स्वजनम्). His own people, wanting to fight, standing up ready. The same yuyutsu (युयुत्सु) Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र) used for both armies in the first verse. Arjuna now uses it for kin.
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi (सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि) is the body. My limbs fail. gātrāṇi (गात्राणि) is neuter plural, and the verb is plural to match.
mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati (मुखं च परिशुष्यति) is the second symptom. And my mouth dries up. Singular verb, singular subject.
Sanskrit in this line
आ + इ ā + i becomes e (ए). dṛṣṭvā imam (दृष्ट्वा इमम्) is recited dṛṣṭvemam (दृष्ट्वेमम्). The long ā (आ) at the end of dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा) and the i (इ) at the start of imam (इमम्) are both inside that e (ए). You met अ + अ → आ a + a → ā, अ + ए → ऐ a + e → ai, and अ + उ → ओ a + u → o. This is the partner of those rules for a long ā (आ) meeting i (इ). Split dṛṣṭvemam (दृष्ट्वेमम्) back into दृष्ट्वा + इमम् dṛṣṭvā + imam before you memorize it as one stem.
A neuter plural nominative takes a plural verb. gātrāṇi sīdanti (गात्राणि सीदन्ति). In later Sanskrit a neuter plural often takes a singular verb. Epic verse is free to use the plural, and this verse does. Do not "correct" it.
Say it back
What he saw, what his limbs do, what his mouth does. svajanam (स्वजनम्) in Sanskrit.