4.3
स एवायं मया तेऽद्य योगः प्रोक्तः पुरातनः ।
भक्तोऽसि मे सखा चेति रहस्यं ह्येतदुत्तमम् ॥
sa evāyaṃ mayā te 'dya yogaḥ proktaḥ purātanaḥ
bhakto 'si me sakhā ceti rahasyaṃ hy etad uttamam
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna.
The verse
That same ancient yoga I have declared to you today, because you are my devotee and my friend, and this is the highest secret.
नेपालीमा
त्यही पुरानो योग मैले आज तिमीलाई भनेँ, किनकि तिमी मेरो भक्त र मेरो मित्र हौ, र यो परम रहस्य हो।
Where it sits
The lost line of 4.2 is started again for a personal reason, a devotee who is also a friend, not a royal seer. Arjuna's question in the next verse will refuse the chronology, not the friendship.
Split: सः + एव + अयम् + मया + ते + अद्य + योगः + प्रोक्तः + पुरातनः + भक्तः + असि + मे + सखा + च + इति + रहस्यम् + हि + एतत् + उत्तमम्
saḥ + eva + ayam + mayā + te + adya + yogaḥ + proktaḥ + purātanaḥ + bhaktaḥ + asi + me + sakhā + ca + iti + rahasyam + hi + etat + uttamam
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| सः | saḥ | nominative | that. The yoga of the old line. |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | itself, the very same. It presses the word it follows. |
| अयम् | ayam | nominative | this. The one being spoken now. |
| मया | mayā | instrumental | by me. |
| ते | te | dative enclitic | to you. |
| अद्य | adya | indeclinable | today. |
| योगः | yogaḥ | nominative | the yoga. |
| प्रोक्तः | proktaḥ | nominative | declared. Agrees with yogaḥ (योगः). |
| पुरातनः | purātanaḥ | nominative | ancient. Also agrees with yogaḥ (योगः). |
| भक्तः | bhaktaḥ | nominative | a devotee. One who has given himself. |
| असि | asi | present, 2nd singular | you are. From as (अस्). |
| मे | me | genitive enclitic | of me, my. |
| सखा | sakhā | nominative of sakhi (सखि) | a friend. Irregular nominative. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| इति | iti | indeclinable | thus. It closes the reason. |
| रहस्यम् | rahasyam | nominative | a secret. |
| हि | hi | indeclinable | for, indeed. |
| एतत् | etat | nominative neuter | this. |
| उत्तमम् | uttamam | nominative neuter | highest. Agrees with rahasyam (रहस्यम्). |
The phrases
saḥ eva ayam mayā te adya yogaḥ proktaḥ purātanaḥ (सः एव अयम् मया ते अद्य योगः प्रोक्तः पुरातनः) is one claim. That same ancient yoga has been declared by me to you today. saḥ eva ayam (सः एव अयम्) is "that very one, this one." The old yoga and today's yoga are not two. अ + अ a + a joins eva (एव) and ayam (अयम्) into evāyam (एवायम्). ते + अद्य te + adya drops the a (अ): te 'dya (तेऽद्य).
bhaktaḥ asi me sakhā ca iti (भक्तः असि मे सखा च इति) is why. "Because you are my devotee and my friend." iti (इति) closes that cause. bhaktaḥ asi (भक्तः असि) is recited bhakto 'si (भक्तोऽसि). च + इति ca + iti is ceti (चेति), because अ + इ a + i becomes e (ए).
रहस्यम् हि एतत् उत्तमम् rahasyam hi etat uttamam is what kind of teaching this is. This is the highest secret. हि + एतत् hi + etat is hy etat (ह्येतत्). etat (एतत्) before the vowel of uttamam (उत्तमम्) becomes etad (एतद्): hy etad uttamam (ह्येतदुत्तमम्).
Sanskrit in this line
अः + अ aḥ + a becomes o (ओ), and the second a (अ) drops. The mark ' (ऽ) is that dropped a (अ), not a sound. bhaktaḥ asi (भक्तः असि) is recited bhakto 'si (भक्तोऽसि). Read the split when you parse, and the avagraha when you recite. ए + अ e + a does the same drop without becoming o (ओ): te adya (ते अद्य) is te 'dya (तेऽद्य).
Say it back
What was declared, to whom, and why him. If purātanaḥ (पुरातनः) is dropped, the verse has lost the point that today's yoga is the old one.