4.28
द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा योगयज्ञास्तथापरे ।
स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च यतयः संशितव्रताः ॥
dravyayajñās tapoyajñā yogayajñās tathāpare
svādhyāyajñānayajñāś ca yatayaḥ saṃśitavratāḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna.
The verse
Others, strivers of sharpened vows, are those whose sacrifice is goods, austerity, yoga, or recitation and knowledge.
नेपालीमा
कठोर व्रत भएका प्रयत्नशील अरूहरू धनको यज्ञ, तपको यज्ञ, योगको यज्ञ, अथवा पाठ र ज्ञानको यज्ञ गर्ने हुन्।
Where it sits
The inward offerings of 4.26 and 4.27 are not the whole list: goods, austerity, yoga, and study are sacrifices too, done by people under a vow. 4.29 returns to the breath and divides it.
Split: द्रव्य-यज्ञाः + तपः-यज्ञाः + योग-यज्ञाः + तथा + अपरे + स्वाध्याय-ज्ञान-यज्ञाः + च + यतयः + संशित-व्रताः
dravya-yajñāḥ + tapaḥ-yajñāḥ + yoga-yajñāḥ + tathā + apare + svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāḥ + ca + yatayaḥ + saṃśita-vratāḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| द्रव्य-यज्ञाः | dravya-yajñāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose sacrifice is goods. dravya (द्रव्य) is a thing, wealth, the material of an offering. |
| तपः-यज्ञाः | tapaḥ-yajñāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose sacrifice is austerity. Recited tapoyajñāḥ (तपोयज्ञाः). |
| योग-यज्ञाः | yoga-yajñāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose sacrifice is yoga. |
| तथा | tathā | indeclinable | and so, likewise. |
| अपरे | apare | nominative plural | others. |
| स्वाध्याय-ज्ञान-यज्ञाः | svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose sacrifice is recitation and knowledge. svādhyāya (स्वाध्याय) is reciting for oneself. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| यतयः | yatayaḥ | nominative plural | strivers. From yat (यत्), the ones who exert. |
| संशित-व्रताः | saṃśita-vratāḥ | nominative plural | of sharpened vows. saṃśita (संशित) is "whetted." vrata (व्रत) is a vow. |
The phrases
dravyayajñāḥ tapoyajñāḥ yogayajñāḥ tathā apare (द्रव्ययज्ञाः तपोयज्ञाः योगयज्ञाः तथा अपरे) names three sacrificers, then "and others likewise." Goods, austerity, yoga. āḥ (आः) before voiceless t (त्) becomes ās (आस्): dravyayajñās tapoyajñāḥ (द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञाः), and yogayajñās tathā (योगयज्ञास्तथा). tathā apare (तथा अपरे) is tathāpare (तथापरे).
tapaḥ-yajñāḥ (तपः-यज्ञाः) is a compound, so the visarga inside it follows the voiced y (य्) and becomes o (ओ): tapoyajñāḥ (तपोयज्ञाः). That o (ओ) is sandhi, the same rule as yogo naṣṭaḥ (योगो नष्टः) in 4.2.
svādhyāyajñānayajñāḥ ca yatayaḥ saṃśitavratāḥ (स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाः च यतयः संशितव्रताः) adds the sacrifice of recitation and knowledge, and names the people as strivers whose vows are sharpened. yajñāḥ ca (यज्ञाः च) is yajñāś ca (यज्ञाश्च).
Sanskrit in this line
This verse has no finite verb of its own. The nominatives continue the sacrificers whose verb, since 4.25, has been juhvati (जुह्वति), "they offer." Do not invent a new verb, and do not treat dravyayajñāḥ (द्रव्ययज्ञाः) as the name of a ritual standing apart from a person. The plural bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) is the person, named by the sacrifice he does. आः + च āḥ + ca is āś ca (आश्च), the same visarga rule as pāṇḍavāś ca (पाण्डवाश्च) in 1.1.
Say it back
Four sacrifices, then the name of the people. If yatayaḥ (यतयः) is left out, the list has no one doing it.