4.30
अपरे नियताहाराः प्राणान्प्राणेषु जुह्वति ।
सर्वेऽप्येते यज्ञविदो यज्ञक्षपितकल्मषाः ॥
apare niyatāhārāḥ prāṇān prāṇeṣu juhvati
sarve 'py ete yajñavido yajñakṣapitakalmaṣāḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna.
The verse
Others, of measured food, offer the breaths into the breaths; all these too are knowers of sacrifice, their stains worn down by sacrifice.
नेपालीमा
नापेको भोजन गर्ने अरूहरूले श्वासहरूलाई श्वासहरूमा चढाउँछन्। यी सबै पनि यज्ञका ज्ञाता हुन्, यज्ञले तिनीहरूको दाग घटेको छ।
Where it sits
The catalogue that started at 4.25 ends here, and the second line gathers them, gods, senses, breaths, goods, and vows, as knowers of sacrifice whose stain is worn down. 4.31 says where that leads, and who is left out.
Split: अपरे + नियत-आहाराः + प्राणान् + प्राणेषु + जुह्वति + सर्वे + अपि + एते + यज्ञ-विदः + यज्ञ-क्षपित-कल्मषाः
apare + niyata-āhārāḥ + prāṇān + prāṇeṣu + juhvati + sarve + api + ete + yajña-vidaḥ + yajña-kṣapita-kalmaṣāḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| अपरे | apare | nominative plural | others. |
| नियत-आहाराः | niyata-āhārāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose food is measured. niyata (नियत) is "held to a limit." āhāra (आहार) is food. |
| प्राणान् | prāṇān | accusative plural | the breaths. |
| प्राणेषु | prāṇeṣu | locative plural | in the breaths. |
| जुह्वति | juhvati | present, 3rd plural | they offer. |
| सर्वे | sarve | nominative plural | all. |
| अपि | api | indeclinable | also, too. |
| एते | ete | nominative plural | these. The sacrificers just listed. |
| यज्ञ-विदः | yajña-vidaḥ | nominative plural | knowers of sacrifice. vid (विद्) at the end of a compound, "one who knows." |
| यज्ञ-क्षपित-कल्मषाः | yajña-kṣapita-kalmaṣāḥ | nominative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose stains have been worn down by sacrifice. kṣapita (क्षपित) is "diminished." kalmaṣa (कल्मष) is a stain. |
The phrases
apare niyatāhārāḥ prāṇān prāṇeṣu juhvati (अपरे नियताहाराः प्राणान् प्राणेषु जुह्वति) is the last particular sacrifice. Others, of measured food, offer the breaths into the breaths. prāṇān prāṇeṣu (प्राणान् प्राणेषु) keeps both cases: accusative poured, locative received. The line writes them together: prāṇān prāṇeṣu (प्राणान्प्राणेषु).
sarve api ete yajñavidaḥ yajñakṣapitakalmaṣāḥ (सर्वे अपि एते यज्ञविदः यज्ञक्षपितकल्मषाः) gathers the whole list. All these, too, are knowers of sacrifice, their stains worn down by it. sarve api ete (सर्वे अपि एते) is sarve 'py ete (सर्वेऽप्येते). यज्ञविदः before y (य्) is yajñavido (यज्ञविदो).
Sanskrit in this line
sarve 'py ete (सर्वेऽप्येते) is three words. सर्वे + अपि sarve + api drops the a (अ) and leaves the avagraha: sarve 'pi (सर्वेऽपि). Then अपि + एते api + ete is apy ete (अप्येते), because इ + ए i + e becomes ye (ये). Undo the avagraha and the ye (ये) before you look up ete (एते). The word is ete (एते), "these," not a verb.
Say it back
The last offering, then what all of them are. If sarve (सर्वे) is said of only the food-measurers, stay here. It gathers the list.