13.20
प्रकृतिं पुरुषं चैव विद्ध्यनादी उभावपि ।
विकारांश्च गुणांश्चैव विद्धि प्रकृतिसम्भवान् ॥
prakṛtiṃ puruṣaṃ caiva viddhy anādī ubhāv api
vikārāṃś ca guṇāṃś caiva viddhi prakṛtisambhavān
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन).
The verse
Know that nature and the person are both beginningless, and know that the modifications and the guṇas (गुण) are born of nature.
नेपालीमा
प्रकृति र पुरुष दुवै अनादि हुन् भनेर जान, र विकारहरू र गुणहरू प्रकृतिबाट जन्मेका हुन् भनेर जान।
Where it sits
prakṛti (प्रकृति) and puruṣa (पुरुष), the pair 13.1 put first, are answered as both beginningless, while the changes and the strands come from nature, and 13.21 will give nature the doing and the person the experiencing.
Split: प्रकृतिम् + पुरुषम् + च + एव + विद्धि + अनादी + उभौ + अपि + विकारान् + च + गुणान् + च + एव + विद्धि + प्रकृति-सम्भवान्
prakṛtim + puruṣam + ca + eva + viddhi + anādī + ubhau + api + vikārān + ca + guṇān + ca + eva + viddhi + prakṛti-sambhavān
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रकृतिम् | prakṛtim | accusative singular | nature. The first word of 13.1. |
| पुरुषम् | puruṣam | accusative singular | the person. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | indeed. |
| विद्धि | viddhi | imperative, 2nd singular of vid (विद्) | know. |
| अनादी | anādī | accusative dual of anādi (अनादि) | beginningless. The dual says both, nature and the person. The long ī (ई) is the dual ending. |
| उभौ | ubhau | accusative dual | both. Recited ubhāv (उभाव्) before api (अपि). |
| अपि | api | indeclinable | also. As well. |
| विकारान् | vikārān | accusative plural | the modifications. Recited vikārāṃś (विकारांश्) before ca (च). |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| गुणान् | guṇān | accusative plural | the guṇa (गुण)s. The strands. Recited guṇāṃś (गुणांश्). |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | indeed. |
| विद्धि | viddhi | imperative, 2nd singular | know. The second command. |
| प्रकृति-सम्भवान् | prakṛti-sambhavān | accusative plural | born of nature. sambhava (सम्भव) is the arising. Agrees with vikārān (विकारान्) and with guṇān (गुणान्). |
The phrases
prakṛtiṃ puruṣaṃ ca eva viddhi anādī ubhau api (प्रकृतिं पुरुषं च एव विद्धि अनादी उभौ अपि) answers the first pair of 13.1. Know nature and the person as both beginningless. विद्धि + अनादी viddhi + anādī is viddhy anādī (विद्ध्यनादी). The line then keeps anādī (अनादी) and ubhau (उभौ) in a hiatus: the long ī (ई) does not become y (य्). उभौ + अपि ubhau + api is ubhāv api (उभावपि).
vikārān ca guṇān ca eva viddhi prakṛtisambhavān (विकारान् च गुणान् च एव विद्धि प्रकृतिसम्भवान्) is the second command. And know the modifications and the guṇa (गुण)s as born of nature. Their source is prakṛti (प्रकृति).
Sanskrit in this line
anādī (अनादी) keeps its long ī (ई) in front of ubhau (उभौ). A dual ending in ī (ई), ū (ऊ), or e (ए) is pragṛhya (प्रगृह्य): it does not become a semivowel before the next vowel. The line reads anādī ubhau (अनादी उभौ), with the two vowels left apart.
उभौ + अपि ubhau + api is recited ubhāv api (उभावपि). औ + अ au + a becomes āva (आव). You hear āva (आव), and you write the dual back with au (औ).
Say it back
Say what is beginningless, and what is born of nature. If the guṇa (गुण)s come out as beginningless along with the person, stay here.