16.1
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अभयं सत्त्वसंशुद्धिर्ज्ञानयोगव्यवस्थितिः ।
दानं दमश्च यज्ञश्च स्वाध्यायस्तप आर्जवम् ॥
śrībhagavān uvāca
abhayaṃ sattvasaṃśuddhir jñānayogavyavasthitiḥ
dānaṃ damaś ca yajñaś ca svādhyāyas tapa ārjavam
śrībhagavān (श्रीभगवान्) is speaking to Arjuna, and uvāca (उवाच), "he said," stands outside the meter.
The verse
He names fearlessness, purity of being, standing firm in the yoga of knowledge, giving, restraint, sacrifice, one's own study, austerity, and straightness.
नेपालीमा
ऊ अभय, भावको शुद्धता, ज्ञानको योगमा दृढ अडिनु, दान, संयम, यज्ञ, आफ्नो अध्ययन, तप र सरलताको नाम लिन्छ।
Where it sits
The chapter opens on a list that is not yet called an endowment, while Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is speaking and Arjuna has not asked a new question. The qualities are of the same kind as the knowledge-list of chapter 13, states of a person.
Split: अभयम् + सत्त्व-संशुद्धिः + ज्ञान-योग-व्यवस्थितिः + दानम् + दमः + च + यज्ञः + च + स्वाध्यायः + तपः + आर्जवम्
abhayam + sattva-saṃśuddhiḥ + jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ + dānam + damaḥ + ca + yajñaḥ + ca + svādhyāyaḥ + tapaḥ + ārjavam
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| अभयम् | abhayam | nominative singular neuter | fearlessness. a (अ) plus bhaya (भय), "fear." |
| सत्त्व-संशुद्धिः | sattva-saṃśuddhiḥ | nominative singular | purity of being. sattva (सत्त्व) is being, the clear strand. saṃśuddhi (संशुद्धि) is a full cleansing. |
| ज्ञान-योग-व्यवस्थितिः | jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ | nominative singular | standing firm in the yoga of knowledge. vyavasthiti (व्यवस्थिति) is a settled stance. |
| दानम् | dānam | nominative singular neuter | giving. |
| दमः | damaḥ | nominative singular | restraint. The holding in of the senses. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| यज्ञः | yajñaḥ | nominative singular | sacrifice. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| स्वाध्यायः | svādhyāyaḥ | nominative singular | one's own study. sva (स्व) "one's own," adhyāya (अध्याय) "a lesson, a reading." |
| तपः | tapaḥ | nominative singular of tapas (तपस्) | austerity. Heat undertaken. |
| आर्जवम् | ārjavam | nominative singular neuter | straightness. Uprightness. From ṛju (ऋजु), "straight." |
The phrases
abhayam sattva-saṃśuddhiḥ jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ (अभयम् सत्त्व-संशुद्धिः ज्ञान-योग-व्यवस्थितिः) opens the list. Three nominatives: fearlessness, purity of being, and a standing that does not leave the yoga of knowledge. saṃśuddhiḥ (संशुद्धिः) before jñāna (ज्ञान) is heard as saṃśuddhir (संशुद्धिर्).
dānam damaḥ ca yajñaḥ ca svādhyāyaḥ tapaḥ ārjavam (दानम् दमः च यज्ञः च स्वाध्यायः तपः आर्जवम्) goes on in the same case. Giving, restraint, sacrifice, one's own study, austerity, straightness. The two ca (च) tie damaḥ (दमः) to yajñaḥ (यज्ञः). The line does not close.
There is no verb. The nominatives run through 16.2 and receive bhavanti (भवन्ति) in 16.3. Do not supply a verb of your own.
Sanskrit in this line
Visarga takes the shape of the sound that follows. saṃśuddhiḥ (संशुद्धिः) before voiced j (ज्) becomes saṃśuddhir (संशुद्धिर्). damaḥ (दमः) and yajñaḥ (यज्ञः) before the voiceless c (च्) of ca (च) become damaś (दमश्) and yajñaś (यज्ञश्). svādhyāyaḥ (स्वाध्यायः) before the voiceless t (त्) of tapaḥ (तपः) becomes svādhyāyas (स्वाध्यायस्). tapaḥ (तपः) before the vowel ā (आ) of ārjavam (आर्जवम्) drops the visarga and leaves a short a (अ): tapa ārjavam (तप आर्जवम्). One ending, four results.
Say it back
Cover the English. Say the first three nominatives. If abhayam (अभयम्) comes out as fear, or if jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ (ज्ञान-योग-व्यवस्थितिः) comes out as a doctrine instead of a standing firm, stay here.