18.42
शमो दमस्तपः शौचं
क्षान्तिरार्जवमेव च ।
ज्ञानं विज्ञानमास्तिक्यं
ब्रह्मकर्म स्वभावजम् ॥
śamo damas tapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntir ārjavam eva ca
jñānaṃ vijñānam āstikyaṃ brahmakarma svabhāvajam
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन).
The verse
Quiet, restraint, austerity, purity, patience, uprightness, knowledge, discernment, and faith are the brahmin's work, born of his own nature.
नेपालीमा
शान्ति, संयम, तप, पवित्रता, क्षमा, सोझोपन, ज्ञान, विवेक र श्रद्धा ब्राह्मणको कर्म हुन्, आफ्नै स्वभावबाट जन्मेका।
Where it sits
This is the brahmin's share of the division in 18.41, quiet and knowing, and the fighting man's list comes next.
Split: शमः + दमः + तपः + शौचम् + क्षान्तिः + आर्जवम् + एव + च + ज्ञानम् + विज्ञानम् + आस्तिक्यम् + ब्रह्म-कर्म + स्वभाव-जम्
śamaḥ + damaḥ + tapaḥ + śaucam + kṣāntiḥ + ārjavam + eva + ca + jñānam + vijñānam + āstikyam + brahma-karma + svabhāva-jam
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| शमः | śamaḥ | nominative | quiet of mind. |
| दमः | damaḥ | nominative | restraint. The holding in of the senses. |
| तपः | tapaḥ | nominative of tapas (तपस्) | austerity, heat undertaken. |
| शौचम् | śaucam | nominative neuter | purity, cleanness. |
| क्षान्तिः | kṣāntiḥ | nominative | patience, forbearance. |
| आर्जवम् | ārjavam | nominative neuter | straightness, uprightness. From ṛju (ऋजु), "straight." |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | indeed. It presses the list it follows. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| ज्ञानम् | jñānam | nominative neuter | knowledge. |
| विज्ञानम् | vijñānam | nominative neuter | discernment. Knowing that sorts one thing from another. |
| आस्तिक्यम् | āstikyam | nominative neuter | faith, the stance of one who holds that it is so. From āstika (आस्तिक). |
| ब्रह्म-कर्म | brahma-karma | nominative neuter | the work of a brahmin. brahma (ब्रह्म) here is the brahmin's office. karma (कर्म) is the work. |
| स्वभाव-जम् | svabhāva-jam | nominative neuter | born of one's own nature. Agrees with karma (कर्म). |
The phrases
śamo damas tapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntir ārjavam eva ca (शमो दमस्तपः शौचं क्षान्तिरार्जवमेव च) is the first six. Quiet, restraint, austerity, purity, patience, and uprightness. They are all nominative. No verb joins them yet.
jñānaṃ vijñānam āstikyam (ज्ञानं विज्ञानमास्तिक्यम्) adds the three that belong to knowing: knowledge, discernment, and faith.
brahmakarma svabhāvajam (ब्रह्मकर्म स्वभावजम्) names the whole list. This is the brahmin's work, and it is born of his own nature. The predicate is a noun, brahma-karma (ब्रह्म-कर्म), with svabhāva-jam (स्वभाव-जम्) beside it.
Sanskrit in this line
aḥ (अः) before a voiced consonant becomes o (ओ). śamaḥ damaḥ (शमः दमः) is recited śamo damaḥ (शमो दमः). aḥ (अः) before the voiceless t (त्) becomes as (अस्): damaḥ tapaḥ (दमः तपः) is damas tapaḥ (दमस्तपः). Two treatments of the same visarga, chosen by the sound that follows.
Say it back
Cover the English. Say the nine, then whose work they are. If brahma-karma (ब्रह्म-कर्म) comes out as the work of the kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय), stay here.