18.43
शौर्यं तेजो धृतिर्दाक्ष्यं
युद्धे चाप्यपलायनम् ।
दानमीश्वरभावश्च
क्षात्रं कर्म स्वभावजम् ॥
śauryaṃ tejo dhṛtir dākṣyaṃ yuddhe cāpy apalāyanam
dānam īśvarabhāvaś ca kṣātraṃ karma svabhāvajam
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन).
The verse
Heroism, energy, firmness, skill, and not fleeing in battle, together with giving and a lord's bearing, are the work of the kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय), born of his own nature.
नेपालीमा
शूरता, तेज, दृढता, दक्षता, र युद्धमा नभाग्नु, दान र स्वामीको भावसँगै, क्षत्रियको कर्म हुन्, आफ्नै स्वभावबाट जन्मेका।
Where it sits
The list is the work of Arjuna (अर्जुन), set beside the brahmin's, and it includes staying in the battle.
Split: शौर्यम् + तेजः + धृतिः + दाक्ष्यम् + युद्धे + च + अपि + अ-पलायनम् + दानम् + ईश्वर-भावः + च + क्षात्रम् + कर्म + स्वभाव-जम्
śauryam + tejaḥ + dhṛtiḥ + dākṣyam + yuddhe + ca + api + a-palāyanam + dānam + īśvara-bhāvaḥ + ca + kṣātram + karma + svabhāva-jam
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| शौर्यम् | śauryam | nominative neuter | heroism. From śūra (शूर), "hero." |
| तेजः | tejaḥ | nominative of tejas (तेजस्) | splendor, energy, heat of spirit. |
| धृतिः | dhṛtiḥ | nominative | firmness, the holding-on. From dhṛ (धृ), "hold." |
| दाक्ष्यम् | dākṣyam | nominative neuter | skill. From dakṣa (दक्ष), "able." |
| युद्धे | yuddhe | locative | in battle. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| अपि | api | indeclinable | also. |
| अ-पलायनम् | a-palāyanam | nominative neuter | not fleeing. palāyana (पलायन) is running away. |
| दानम् | dānam | nominative neuter | giving. |
| ईश्वर-भावः | īśvara-bhāvaḥ | nominative | a lord's bearing. īśvara (ईश्वर) is a lord. bhāva (भाव) is the way of being. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| क्षात्रम् | kṣātram | nominative neuter | belonging to the kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय). Agrees with karma (कर्म). |
| कर्म | karma | nominative of karman (कर्मन्) | work. |
| स्वभाव-जम् | svabhāva-jam | nominative neuter | born of one's own nature. |
The phrases
śauryaṃ tejo dhṛtir dākṣyam (शौर्यं तेजो धृतिर्दाक्ष्यम्) is the inner kit of the fighter: heroism, energy, firmness, skill. Four nominatives, still waiting for their predicate.
yuddhe cāpy apalāyanam (युद्धे चाप्यपलायनम्) is the test of that kit. In battle, also, the not-running. yuddhe (युद्धे) is locative, the place. a-palāyanam (अ-पलायनम्) is another nominative in the list.
dānam īśvarabhāvaś ca (दानमीश्वरभावश्च) closes the list with giving and the bearing of a lord. kṣātraṃ karma svabhāvajam (क्षात्रं कर्म स्वभावजम्) is the same frame as 18.42. This is the work of the kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय), born of his own nature.
Sanskrit in this line
i (इ) before a vowel becomes y (य्). अपि + अ-पलायनम् api + a-palāyanam is apy apalāyanam (अप्यपलायनम्). In front of that, च + अपि ca + api has already become cāpi (चापि), because अ + अ a + a becomes ā (आ). The whole run is cāpyapalāyanam (चाप्यपलायनम्). Undo both joins before you look up api (अपि) and a-palāyanam (अ-पलायनम्).
Say it back
Cover the English. Say what he does in battle, and whose work it is. If a-palāyanam (अ-पलायनम्) comes out as a license to leave the field, stay here.