1.1.7
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.7
उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणमाकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि
utkṣepaṇam avakṣepaṇam ākuñcanaṃ prasāraṇaṃ gamanam iti karmāṇi
The line
Throwing up, throwing down, contracting, extending, and going: these are the actions.
नेपालीमा
माथि फाल्नु, तल फाल्नु, खुम्च्याउनु, फैलाउनु र जानु यी कर्म हुन्।
Where it sits
Substance and quality have been listed. This is the third category from 1.1.4. The next line says what the three share.
Split: utkṣepaṇam (उत्क्षेपणम्) + avakṣepaṇam (अवक्षेपणम्) + ākuñcanam (आकुञ्चनम्) + prasāraṇam (प्रसारणम्) + gamanam (गमनम्) + iti (इति) + karmāṇi (कर्माणि)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| utkṣepaṇam (उत्क्षेपणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | throwing upward. ut-kṣip (उत्-क्षिप्), to toss up. |
| avakṣepaṇam (अवक्षेपणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | throwing downward. |
| ākuñcanam (आकुञ्चनम्) | nominative singular, neuter | contracting. Drawing in, as a limb. |
| prasāraṇam (प्रसारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | extending. Stretching out. |
| gamanam (गमनम्) | nominative singular, neuter | going. Locomotion, the action that is not one of the four directed ones. |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus. The list is closed. |
| karmāṇi (कर्माणि) | nominative plural, neuter | are actions. The third category. |
The phrases
Five names, then iti, then the class. The same shape as the list of substances.
Action here is motion, not the ritual act of Mīmāṃsā (मीमांसा) and not the karma (कर्म) that ripens as a fruit. Those are other books. This karma (कर्म) is up, down, in, out, and going.
Sanskrit in this line
iti after a list means the list is finished and the next word classifies it. All five names are neuter. karmāṇi (कर्माणि) agrees with them.
Say it back
Five actions. Say which one is not a direction of a limb.