1.1.8
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.8
सदनित्यं द्रव्यवत् कार्यं कारणं सामान्यविशेषवदिति द्रव्यगुणकर्मणामविशेषः
sad anityaṃ dravyavat kāryaṃ kāraṇaṃ sāmānyaviśeṣavad iti dravyaguṇakarmaṇām aviśeṣaḥ
The line
Existence, non-eternality, residing in a substance, being an effect, being a cause, and having a universal and a particular: these are what substance, quality, and action have in common.
नेपालीमा
सत्ता, अनित्यता, द्रव्यमा रहनु, कार्य हुनु, कारण हुनु, र सामान्य तथा विशेष हुनु यी द्रव्य, गुण र कर्ममा साझा हुन्।
Where it sits
1.1.5, 1.1.6, and 1.1.7 named the three. This line starts the comparison 1.1.4 promised, likeness first. Difference begins at 1.1.9.
Split: sat (सत्) + anityam (अनित्यम्) + dravyavat (द्रव्यवत्) + kāryam (कार्यम्) + kāraṇam (कारणम्) + sāmānya-viśeṣavat (सामान्य-विशेषवत्) + iti (इति) + dravya-guṇa-karmaṇām (द्रव्य-गुण-कर्मणाम्) + aviśeṣaḥ (अविशेषः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| sat (सत्) | nominative singular, neuter | existent. A real, not a fiction. |
| anityam (अनित्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | non-eternal. It comes to be and passes. |
| dravyavat (द्रव्यवत्) | nominative singular, neuter | having a substance. It resides in a substance. |
| kāryam (कार्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | an effect. Something produced. |
| kāraṇam (कारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | a cause. Something that produces. |
| sāmānya-viśeṣavat (सामान्य-विशेषवत्) | nominative singular, neuter | having a universal and a particular. It falls under a common name, and it is this one and not that one. |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus. The list of shared marks is closed. |
| dravya-guṇa-karmaṇām (द्रव्य-गुण-कर्मणाम्) | genitive plural | of substance, quality, and action. |
| aviśeṣaḥ (अविशेषः) | nominative singular, masculine | the common character. viśeṣa (विशेष) is a difference. a-viśeṣa (अ-विशेष) is what is not a difference between them. |
The phrases
Six marks, then iti, then whose marks they are. The three categories share them.
anityam and dravyavat do not fit every substance. Ether, time, direction, and the self are eternal, and a single atom does not reside in a further substance. The line states the marks of the three as they show up in products. The commentaries fence the eternal cases. The sūtra (सूत्र) does not stop to fence them.
Sanskrit in this line
The pāṭha (पाठ) writes sadanityaṃ (सदनित्यं) as one word. sat and anityam are two marks. aviśeṣa (अविशेष) is a-viśeṣa (अ-विशेष), the shared, not a particular.
Say it back
Six shared marks. Say the one that eternal substances force you to qualify.
Next
1.1.9. Substance and quality both start something of their own kind.