9.2.4
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 9 / 9.2.4
हेतुरपदेशो लिङ्गं प्रमाणं करणमित्यनर्थान्तरम्
hetur apadeśo liṅgaṃ pramāṇaṃ karaṇam ity anarthāntaram
The line
Reason, the stating of it, the mark, the means, and the instrument are, thus, not different things.
नेपालीमा
हेतु, त्यसको कथन, चिह्न, साधन र करण यसरी फरक फरक कुरा होइनन्।
Where it sits
9.2.1 named the mark. This line says the names around that mark are one job. 9.2.3 has just put word under the same account.
Split: hetuḥ (हेतुः) + apadeśaḥ (अपदेशः) + liṅgam (लिङ्गम्) + pramāṇam (प्रमाणम्) + karaṇam (करणम्) + iti (इति) + anarthāntaram (अनर्थान्तरम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| hetuḥ (हेतुः) | nominative singular, masculine | a reason. Before a vowel the line writes hetur (हेतुर्). |
| apadeśaḥ (अपदेशः) | nominative singular, masculine | the stating of the reason. Before l (ल्) the line writes apadeśo (अपदेशो). |
| liṅgam (लिङ्गम्) | nominative singular, neuter | a mark |
| pramāṇam (प्रमाणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | a means of knowing |
| karaṇam (करणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | an instrument |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus |
| anarthāntaram (अनर्थान्तरम्) | nominative singular, neuter | not a different thing. artha-antara (अर्थ-अन्तर) is a different thing. an- (अन्-) before a vowel is the privative. |
The phrases
Five names, one verdict. A reason, the sentence that states it, the mark, the means, and the instrument are being lined up.
pramāṇa (प्रमाण) here sits in that row. It is the instrument of this knowing. It is not Nyāya (न्याय)'s list of four.
Sanskrit in this line
The file writes heturapadeśo liṅgaṃ pramāṇaṃ karaṇamityanarthāntaram (हेतुरपदेशो लिङ्गं प्रमाणं करणमित्यनर्थान्तरम्), with karaṇam (करणम्), iti (इति), and anarthāntaram (अनर्थान्तरम्) in one string. Before a vowel, hetuḥ (हेतुः) is hetur (हेतुर्) and apadeśaḥ (अपदेशः) is apadeśo (अपदेशो).
Say it back
Give the five names in order, and say the line's point is that they are one.