Tarka-Saṃgraha / 52. Five failed reasons
52
सव्यभिचारविरुद्धसत्प्रतिपक्षासिद्धबाधिताः पञ्च हेत्वाभासाः savyabhicāraviruddhasatpratipakṣāsiddhabādhitāḥ pañca hetvābhāsāḥ
The line
The straying, the contradictory, the one with a standing rival, the unestablished, and the blocked are the five semblances of a reason.
नेपालीमा
भड्किने, विरोधी, उभिएको प्रतिपक्ष भएको, असिद्ध र बाधित यी पाँच हेत्वाभास हुन्।
Where it sits
Nyāya (न्याय) 1.2.4 lists savyabhicāra (सव्यभिचार), viruddha (विरुद्ध), prakaraṇasama (प्रकरणसम), sādhyasama (साध्यसम), and kālātīta (कालातीत). The shared names are the first two. Prakaraṇasama (प्रकरणसम) is Gautama's near neighbor of the rival reason. Kālātīta (कालातीत) is his near neighbor of the blocked. Sādhyasama (साध्यसम) is his fifth, and asiddha (असिद्ध) is the primer's. Learn both lists under their own names.
Split: savyabhicāra (सव्यभिचार) + viruddha (विरुद्ध) + satpratipakṣa (सत्प्रतिपक्ष) + asiddha (असिद्ध) + bādhitāḥ (बाधिताः) + pañca (पञ्च) + hetu-ābhāsāḥ (हेतु-आभासाः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| savyabhicāra (सव्यभिचार) | stem | The straying. Deviating. Defined at 53. |
| viruddha (विरुद्ध) | stem | The contradictory. Defined at 54. |
| satpratipakṣa (सत्प्रतिपक्ष) | stem | The one with a rival reason that also stands. The compound in some prints shortens this to satpakṣa (सत्पक्ष). The sitting reads the full word, which 55 defines. |
| asiddha (असिद्ध) | stem | The unestablished. Defined at 56. |
| bādhitāḥ (बाधिताः) | nominative plural, masculine | The blocked. The ending covers the list. Defined at 57. |
| pañca (पञ्च) | five | Five. |
| hetvābhāsāḥ (हेत्वाभासाः) | nominative plural, masculine | Semblances of a reason. hetu (हेतु) plus ābhāsa (आभास). |
The phrases
Five names. A semblance of a reason is offered as a reason and does not do what the consideration requires.
Sanskrit in this line
Hetu (हेतु) plus ābhāsa (आभास) is hetvābhāsa (हेत्वाभास). Short u (उ) before a vowel becomes v (व्).
Say it back
Name the primer's five in order.