1.3
पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् ।
व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता ॥
paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇām ācārya mahatīṃ camūm
vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā
Duryodhana is speaking, to Droṇa (द्रोण). Sañjaya (सञ्जय) does not repeat "Duryodhana said." The speech simply starts. This will happen all through the book. When the speaker changes, the lesson says so.
The verse
Look, teacher, at this great army of the sons of Pāṇḍu (पाण्डु), arrayed by your intelligent pupil, the son of Drupada.
नेपालीमा
हे गुरु, पाण्डुका छोराहरूको यो ठूलो सेना हेर्नुहोस्, जसलाई तपाईंको बुद्धिमान् शिष्य द्रुपदका छोराले मिलाएर राखेको छ।
Where it sits
Duryodhana's first sentence puts a knife in the relationship. The man who drew up the enemy is Droṇa's (द्रोण) own student. Drupada is the king Droṇa (द्रोण) has a grudge against. The son of that king was trained by Droṇa (द्रोण) and then given the job of killing him. Duryodhana wants the teacher to feel that before he hears the list of names.
Split: पश्य + एताम् + पाण्डु-पुत्राणाम् + आचार्य + महतीम् + चमूम् + व्यूढाम् + द्रुपद-पुत्रेण + तव + शिष्येण + धीमता
paśya + etām + pāṇḍu-putrāṇām + ācārya + mahatīm + camūm + vyūḍhām + drupada-putreṇa + tava + śiṣyeṇa + dhīmatā
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| पश्य | paśya | imperative, 2nd singular | see. Look. |
| एताम् | etām | accusative feminine | this. |
| पाण्डु-पुत्राणाम् | pāṇḍu-putrāṇām | genitive plural | of the sons of Pāṇḍu (पाण्डु). |
| आचार्य | ācārya | vocative | teacher. |
| महतीम् | mahatīm | accusative feminine | great. |
| चमूम् | camūm | accusative of camū (चमू) | army. A feminine word for the same host that was anīka (अनीक) in 1.2. |
| व्यूढाम् | vyūḍhām | accusative feminine | arrayed. Agrees with camūm (चमूम्). |
| द्रुपद-पुत्रेण | drupada-putreṇa | instrumental | by the son of Drupada. Dhṛṣṭadyumna (धृष्टद्युम्न). |
| तव | tava | genitive of tvam (त्वम्) | your. |
| शिष्येण | śiṣyeṇa | instrumental | by the pupil. |
| धीमता | dhīmatā | instrumental of dhīmant (धीमन्त्) | by the intelligent one. Agrees with śiṣyeṇa (शिष्येण). |
The phrases
पश्य एताम् … चमूम् paśya etām … camūm is the command and its object. "Look at this army." अ + ए a + e has joined paśya (पश्य) and etām (एताम्) into paśyaitām (पश्यैताम्).
pāṇḍuputrāṇām (पाण्डुपुत्राणाम्) tells whose army. The genitive plural ending --āṇām (आणाम्) is doing "of."
ācārya (आचार्य) is not in the command. It is the person being spoken to, dropped into the middle of the sentence. Vocatives do that.
mahatīṃ camūm vyūḍhām (महतीं चमूम् व्यूढाम्) is one object, three words: this great army, arrayed. All three are feminine accusative because camū (चमू) is feminine. In 1.2 the army was neuter anīkam (अनीकम्), and vyūḍham (व्यूढम्) followed it. The adjective takes the gender of the noun it describes.
drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā (द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता) is one person in the instrumental, three ways: Drupada's son, your pupil, the intelligent one. The instrumental answers "by."
Sanskrit in this line
paśya (पश्य) is the imperative. No ending is added for "you" singular. The bare stem of a verb in this class, with a (अ), is the command.
अ + ए a + e becomes ai (ऐ). That is why the first word is paśyaitām (पश्यैताम्) and not paśya etām (पश्य एताम्). When you split, you put the short a (अ) back.
The instrumental singular of an a (अ)-stem is --ena (एन). putra (पुत्र) becomes putreṇa (पुत्रेण), śiṣya (शिष्य) becomes śiṣyeṇa (शिष्येण). dhīmatā (धीमता) is the same case from a different stem, one ending in --mant (मन्त्). Three instrumentals, one agent.
Say it back
Give the command, then the army, then the one who arrayed it. The last of those has to come out as "by," not "of."