2.2
श्रीभगवानुवाच
कुतस्त्वा कश्मलमिदं विषमे समुपस्थितम् ।
अनार्यजुष्टमस्वर्ग्यमकीर्तिकरमर्जुन ॥
śrībhagavān uvāca
kutas tvā kaśmalam idaṃ viṣame samupasthitam
anāryajuṣṭam asvargyam akīrtikaram arjuna
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is speaking to Arjuna, and the speaker-line calls him śrībhagavān (श्रीभगवान्).
The verse
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) said: From where has this faintness come upon you in the crisis, Arjuna — unpracticed by the noble, not leading to heaven, a maker of disgrace?
नेपालीमा
कृष्णले भन्नुभयो, हे अर्जुन, संकटमा यो मूर्छा तिमीमा कहाँबाट आयो, जुन श्रेष्ठहरूले गर्दैनन्, जुन स्वर्गमा नपुग्ने हो, र जुन अपकीर्ति जन्माउँछ।
Where it sits
The first words to the sitting man are a friend's refusal of the posture. The argument is still waiting.
Split: कुतः + त्वा + कश्मलम् + इदम् + विषमे + समुपस्थितम् + अनार्य-जुष्टम् + अस्वर्ग्यम् + अकीर्ति-करम् + अर्जुन
kutaḥ + tvā + kaśmalam + idam + viṣame + samupasthitam + anārya-juṣṭam + asvargyam + akīrti-karam + arjuna
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| कुतः | kutaḥ | indeclinable | from where. |
| त्वा | tvā | accusative enclitic of tvam (त्वम्) | you. |
| कश्मलम् | kaśmalam | nominative neuter | this dark faintness, a stain on the mind. |
| इदम् | idam | nominative neuter | this. Agrees with kaśmalam (कश्मलम्). |
| विषमे | viṣame | locative | in a tight place, at the crisis. viṣama (विषम) is uneven, perilous. |
| समुपस्थितम् | samupasthitam | nominative neuter | arrived, come upon. From सम्-उप-स्था sam-upa-sthā. |
| अनार्य-जुष्टम् | anārya-juṣṭam | nominative neuter | frequented by those who are not ārya (आर्य). juṣṭa (जुष्ट) is practiced, resorted to. |
| अस्वर्ग्यम् | asvargyam | nominative neuter | not leading to heaven. a- (अ-) on svargya (स्वर्ग्य). |
| अकीर्ति-करम् | akīrti-karam | nominative neuter | making akīrti (अकीर्ति), disgrace. |
| अर्जुन | arjuna | vocative | Arjuna. |
The phrases
कुतः त्वा कश्मलम् इदम् विषमे समुपस्थितम् kutaḥ tvā kaśmalam idam viṣame samupasthitam is the question. From where has this faintness come upon you, in this crisis. kutaḥ (कुतः) before tvā (त्वा) is recited kutas tvā (कुतस् त्वा). samupasthitam (समुपस्थितम्) agrees with kaśmalam (कश्मलम्): the faintness is what arrived.
अनार्यजुष्टम् अस्वर्ग्यम् अकीर्तिकरम् anāryajuṣṭam asvargyam akīrtikaram are three names of the same faintness. Not the practice of an ārya (आर्य), not a road to heaven, a maker of disgrace. Each one is nominative neuter, agreeing with kaśmalam (कश्मलम्). The a- (अ-) on each is the negative prefix.
arjuna (अर्जुन) is the man. The vocative has no visarga.
Sanskrit in this line
Three negatives in a row, and all three agree. anāryajuṣṭam (अनार्यजुष्टम्), asvargyam (अस्वर्ग्यम्), akīrtikaram (अकीर्तिकरम्) are nominative neuter, the same case and gender as kaśmalam (कश्मलम्). The a- (अ-) here reverses the word it sits on. It is the negative prefix, the one that will sit on aśocya (अशोच्य) at 2.11, and it is distinct from the past-time a- (अ-) of a verb.
Say it back
Where it came from, and the three things it is. If akīrtikaram (अकीर्तिकरम्) softens into a vague "bad," stay here.