10.4
बुद्धिर्ज्ञानमसम्मोहः क्षमा सत्यं दमः शमः ।
सुखं दुःखं भवोऽभावो भयं चाभयमेव च ॥
buddhir jñānam asammohaḥ kṣamā satyaṃ damaḥ śamaḥ
sukhaṃ duḥkhaṃ bhavo 'bhāvo bhayaṃ cābhayam eva ca
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) continues. The sentence has no verb yet. The verb is bhavanti (भवन्ति) in 10.5.
The verse
He names understanding, knowledge, freedom from confusion, patience, truth, restraint, calm, pleasure and pain, arising and ceasing, fear and fearlessness.
नेपालीमा
उहाँले बुद्धि, ज्ञान, मोहबाट मुक्त हुनु, क्षमा, सत्य, संयम, शान्ति, सुख र दुःख, उत्पत्ति र निवृत्ति, डर र निर्भयता सबैको नाम लिनुहुन्छ।
Where it sits
These are the states he is about to claim as coming from him. Fear is on the list with fearlessness. The catalogue is not a list of virtues only. 10.5 will give the verb and the source.
Split: बुद्धिः + ज्ञानम् + असम्मोहः + क्षमा + सत्यम् + दमः + शमः + सुखम् + दुःखम् + भवः + अभावः + भयम् + च + अभयम् + एव + च
buddhiḥ + jñānam + asammohaḥ + kṣamā + satyam + damaḥ + śamaḥ + sukham + duḥkham + bhavaḥ + abhāvaḥ + bhayam + ca + abhayam + eva + ca
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| बुद्धिः | buddhiḥ | nominative singular | understanding. The discerning mind. |
| ज्ञानम् | jñānam | nominative singular | knowledge. |
| असम्मोहः | asammohaḥ | nominative singular | freedom from confusion. The state. 10.3 named the person, asammūḍhaḥ (असम्मूढः). |
| क्षमा | kṣamā | nominative singular | patience. Forbearance. |
| सत्यम् | satyam | nominative singular | truth. |
| दमः | damaḥ | nominative singular | restraint. The holding in of the senses. |
| शमः | śamaḥ | nominative singular | calm. The quiet of the mind. |
| सुखम् | sukham | nominative singular | pleasure. Ease. |
| दुःखम् | duḥkham | nominative singular | pain. |
| भवः | bhavaḥ | nominative singular | coming to be. Arising. Existence. |
| अभावः | abhāvaḥ | nominative singular | ceasing to be. Absence. |
| भयम् | bhayam | nominative singular | fear. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| अभयम् | abhayam | nominative singular | fearlessness. |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | indeed. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. The list is not finished. |
The phrases
बुद्धिः ज्ञानम् असम्मोहः क्षमा सत्यं दमः शमः buddhiḥ jñānam asammohaḥ kṣamā satyaṃ damaḥ śamaḥ is the first half of a catalogue. Seven nominatives, states of a person. damaḥ (दमः) and śamaḥ (शमः) sit side by side: restraint, then calm.
सुखं दुःखं भवोऽभावो भयं च अभयम् एव च sukhaṃ duḥkhaṃ bhavo 'bhāvo bhayaṃ ca abhayam eva ca continues, and it does not keep to the pleasant. Pleasure and pain, arising and ceasing, fear and fearlessness. The sentence is still open. Do not supply a verb of your own.
Sanskrit in this line
bhavaḥ (भवः) + abhāvaḥ (अभावः) is recited bhavo 'bhāvaḥ (भवोऽभावः). aḥ (अः) + a (अ) becomes o (ओ), and ऽ marks the a (अ) that was lost. The same sandhi then goes on: abhāvaḥ (अभावः) before the voiced bh (भ्) of bhayam (भयम्) becomes abhāvo (अभावो). One visarga, two different results, because one is followed by a vowel and the other by a voiced consonant.
buddhiḥ (बुद्धिः) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्) is buddhir jñānam (बुद्धिर्ज्ञानम्). Visarga after i (इ) before voiced j (ज्) becomes r (र्), the same change as ādir hi (आदिर्हि) in 10.2.
Say it back
The pairs. Pleasure with pain, arising with ceasing, fear with fearlessness. If the hard half is dropped, stay here. The verse did not drop it.