13.23
उपद्रष्टानुमन्ता च भर्ता भोक्ता महेश्वरः ।
परमात्मेति चाप्युक्तो देहेऽस्मिन्पुरुषः परः ॥
upadraṣṭānumantā ca bhartā bhoktā maheśvaraḥ
paramātmeti cāpy ukto dehe 'smin puruṣaḥ paraḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन).
The verse
The higher person in this body is also called the overseer, the consenter, the supporter, the experiencer, the great lord, and the supreme self.
नेपालीमा
यो शरीरमा रहेको उच्च पुरुषलाई माथिबाट हेर्ने, अनुमति दिने, धान्ने, भोग्ने, महान् प्रभु र परम आत्मा पनि भनिन्छ।
Where it sits
Beside the person of 13.22 who clings and is born, this verse names a higher person in the same body by the names of the lord, and 13.24 will say that knowing person and nature ends rebirth.
Split: उपद्रष्टा + अनुमन्ता + च + भर्ता + भोक्ता + महेश्वरः + परम-आत्मा + इति + च + अपि + उक्तः + देहे + अस्मिन् + पुरुषः + परः
upadraṣṭā + anumantā + ca + bhartā + bhoktā + maheśvaraḥ + parama-ātmā + iti + ca + api + uktaḥ + dehe + asmin + puruṣaḥ + paraḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| उपद्रष्टा | upadraṣṭā | nominative singular of upadraṣṭṛ (उपद्रष्टृ) | the overseer. The seer close by. upa (उप) "near," draṣṭṛ (द्रष्टृ) "seer." |
| अनुमन्ता | anumantā | nominative singular of anumantṛ (अनुमन्तृ) | the consenter. The one who permits. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| भर्ता | bhartā | nominative singular of bhartṛ (भर्तृ) | the supporter. |
| भोक्ता | bhoktā | nominative singular of bhoktṛ (भोक्तृ) | the experiencer. |
| महेश्वरः | maheśvaraḥ | nominative singular | the great lord. mahā (महा) "great," īśvara (ईश्वर) "lord." |
| परम-आत्मा | parama-ātmā | nominative singular | the supreme self. Recited paramātmā (परमात्मा). |
| इति | iti | indeclinable | thus. The mark on the names. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| अपि | api | indeclinable | also. |
| उक्तः | uktaḥ | nominative singular | called. Recited ukto (उक्तो). |
| देहे | dehe | locative singular | in the body. |
| अस्मिन् | asmin | locative singular masculine | in this. Agrees with dehe (देहे). |
| पुरुषः | puruṣaḥ | nominative singular | the person. |
| परः | paraḥ | nominative singular | the higher one. The supreme. Agrees with puruṣaḥ (पुरुषः). |
The phrases
upadraṣṭā anumantā ca bhartā bhoktā maheśvaraḥ (उपद्रष्टा अनुमन्ता च भर्ता भोक्ता महेश्वरः) is a row of names. Overseer, consenter, supporter, experiencer, great lord. उपद्रष्टा + अनुमन्ता upadraṣṭā + anumantā is upadraṣṭānumantā (उपद्रष्टानुमन्ता).
paramātmā iti ca api uktaḥ (परमात्मा इति च अपि उक्तः) adds one more name, and says he is also called that. आत्मा + इति ātmā + iti is ātmeti (आत्मेति). च + अपि + उक्तः ca + api + uktaḥ is cāpy uktaḥ (चाप्युक्तः).
dehe asmin puruṣaḥ paraḥ (देहे अस्मिन् पुरुषः परः) is who bears the names. The higher person in this body. देहे + अस्मिन् dehe + asmin is dehe 'smin (देहेऽस्मिन्). paraḥ (परः) marks him as the higher one, beside the person of 13.22 who clings and is born.
Sanskrit in this line
देहे + अस्मिन् dehe + asmin is dehe 'smin (देहेऽस्मिन्). e (ए) meets a (अ): the e (ए) stays, and the a (अ) is written ऽ. You still pronounce the break.
आत्मा + इति ātmā + iti is ātmeti (आत्मेति). आ + इ ā + i becomes e (ए). The iti (इति) is the quote-mark on the whole row of names.
Say it back
Say the names, then whose names they are. If paraḥ (परः) drops out and this is the same person who clings in 13.22, stay here.