17.17
श्रद्धया परया तप्तं तपस्तत्त्रिविधं नरैः ।
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्युक्तैः सात्त्विकं परिचक्षते ॥
śraddhayā parayā taptaṃ tapas tat trividhaṃ naraiḥ
aphalākāṅkṣibhir yuktaiḥ sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate
śrībhagavān (श्रीभगवान्) is still speaking. The three seats of austerity are now classed.
The verse
That threefold austerity, practiced with the highest faith by yoked people who do not long for a fruit, they call the austerity of सत्त्व.
नेपालीमा
फलको चाहना नगर्ने योगयुक्त मानिसले परम श्रद्धाले गरेको त्यो तीन किसिमको तपलाई उनीहरू सत्त्वको तप भन्छन्।
Where it sits
The seats are in place, and the clear strand is named the way the clear sacrifice was named: faith, no fruit, a steady person. 17.18 will put honor and show on the driving austerity. 17.19 will put harm on the dark one.
Split: श्रद्धया + परया + तप्तम् + तपः + तत् + त्रि-विधम् + नरैः + अ-फल-आकाङ्क्षिभिः + युक्तैः + सात्त्विकम् + परिचक्षते
śraddhayā + parayā + taptam + tapaḥ + tat + tri-vidham + naraiḥ + a-phala-ākāṅkṣibhiḥ + yuktaiḥ + sāttvikam + paricakṣate
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| श्रद्धया | śraddhayā | instrumental singular | with faith. |
| परया | parayā | instrumental singular feminine | with the highest. Agrees with śraddhayā (श्रद्धया). |
| तप्तम् | taptam | nominative singular neuter | practiced, undergone. Past participle of tap (तप्). Agrees with tapaḥ (तपः). |
| तपः | tapaḥ | nominative singular | austerity. |
| तत् | tat | nominative singular neuter | that. |
| त्रि-विधम् | tri-vidham | nominative singular neuter | threefold. Body, speech, and mind. Agrees with tapaḥ (तपः). |
| नरैः | naraiḥ | instrumental plural | by men. |
| अ-फल-आकाङ्क्षिभिः | a-phala-ākāṅkṣibhiḥ | instrumental plural | by those who do not long for the fruit. Agrees with naraiḥ (नरैः). The kā (का) left unwritten in 17.11 is written here. |
| युक्तैः | yuktaiḥ | instrumental plural | by the yoked. Agrees with naraiḥ (नरैः). |
| सात्त्विकम् | sāttvikam | nominative singular neuter | of the clear strand. Agrees with tapaḥ (तपः). |
| परिचक्षते | paricakṣate | present, 3rd plural, middle | they declare. As in 17.13. |
The phrases
śraddhayā parayā taptam tapaḥ tat trividham (श्रद्धया परया तप्तम् तपः तत् त्रिविधम्) is the austerity of 17.14 through 17.16 taken as one. That threefold austerity, practiced with the highest faith. trividham (त्रिविधम्) is body, speech, and mind, not the three strands. The strands are the classification, and this verse gives only the clear one.
naraiḥ aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ yuktaiḥ (नरैः अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः युक्तैः) is who practices it. By men who do not long for a fruit and who are yoked. Three instrumentals, one group of people. They modify taptam (तप्तम्), the practicing. They are not the subject of paricakṣate (परिचक्षते).
sāttvikam paricakṣate (सात्त्विकम् परिचक्षते) is the name they give it. They call it the clear austerity.
Sanskrit in this line
तपः + तत् + त्रिविधम् tapaḥ + tat + trividham is recited tapas tat trividham (तपस्तत्त्रिविधम्). aḥ (अः) before voiceless t (त्) becomes s (स्), so tapas tat (तपस् तत्). The t (त्) of tat (तत्) then meets the t (त्) of tri (त्रि) and is written double. The twofoldness is not in tri (त्रि). The double t (त्) is only the meeting.
Say it back
Threefold, highest faith, no fruit, yoked, then sāttvikam (सात्त्विकम्). If trividham (त्रिविधम्) is said as the three strands, stay here. The three are body, speech, and mind.