18.18
ज्ञानं ज्ञेयं परिज्ञाता
त्रिविधा कर्मचोदना ।
करणं कर्म कर्तेति
त्रिविधः कर्मसंग्रहः ॥
jñānaṃ jñeyaṃ parijñātā trividhā karmacodanā
karaṇaṃ karma karteti trividhaḥ karmasaṃgrahaḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन). Two trios, and no finite verb beyond the naming. "Is" is left for the hearer.
The verse
Knowledge, the knowable, and the knower are the threefold impelling of action; the instrument, the action, and the doer are the threefold gathering of action.
नेपालीमा
ज्ञान, जान्नुपर्ने कुरा र जान्ने, यी कर्मलाई उक्साउने तीन कुरा हुन्। साधन, कर्म र कर्ता, यी कर्मको तीन किसिमको सङ्ग्रह हुन्।
Where it sits
The five causes are behind him, and he gives two smaller counts: knowledge, the knowable, and the knower impel an act, and the instrument, the act, and the doer gather it. 18.19 says knowledge, the act, and the doer are each of three kinds.
Split: ज्ञानम् + ज्ञेयम् + परिज्ञाता + त्रि-विधा + कर्म-चोदना + करणम् + कर्म + कर्ता + इति + त्रि-विधः + कर्म-संग्रहः
jñānam + jñeyam + parijñātā + tri-vidhā + karma-codanā + karaṇam + karma + kartā + iti + tri-vidhaḥ + karma-saṃgrahaḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| ज्ञानम् | jñānam | nominative singular | knowledge. |
| ज्ञेयम् | jñeyam | nominative singular neuter, gerundive | the to-be-known. |
| परिज्ञाता | parijñātā | nominative singular of parijñātṛ (परिज्ञातृ) | the knower. The one who knows it through. |
| त्रि-विधा | trividhā | nominative singular feminine | threefold. Agrees with karma-codanā (कर्म-चोदना). |
| कर्म-चोदना | karma-codanā | nominative singular feminine | the impelling of action. What sets an act going. |
| करणम् | karaṇam | nominative singular | the instrument. |
| कर्म | karma | nominative singular | the action. |
| कर्ता | kartā | nominative singular | the doer. |
| इति | iti | indeclinable | thus. It closes the list. |
| त्रि-विधः | trividhaḥ | nominative singular masculine | threefold. Agrees with karma-saṃgrahaḥ (कर्म-संग्रहः). |
| कर्म-संग्रहः | karma-saṃgrahaḥ | nominative singular | the gathering of action. The summary under which action is held. |
The phrases
jñānaṃ jñeyaṃ parijñātā (ज्ञानं ज्ञेयं परिज्ञाता) is the first trio: knowledge, the thing to be known, and the knower. trividhā karma-codanā (त्रि-विधा कर्म-चोदना) calls that trio the threefold impelling of action. The feminine adjective belongs with codanā (चोदना), not with the three nouns.
karaṇaṃ karma kartā iti (करणं कर्म कर्ता इति) is the second trio: instrument, act, and doer. kartā iti (कर्ता इति) is karteti (कर्तेति). trividhaḥ karma-saṃgrahaḥ (त्रि-विधः कर्म-संग्रहः) calls that trio the threefold gathering of action. The masculine adjective belongs with saṃgrahaḥ (संग्रहः).
Sanskrit in this line
trividhā (त्रि-विधा) is feminine and agrees with karma-codanā (कर्म-चोदना). trividhaḥ (त्रि-विधः) is masculine and agrees with karma-saṃgrahaḥ (कर्म-संग्रहः). The same adjective takes the gender of the noun it names, not the gender of the items in the list. jñānam (ज्ञानम्) is neuter and parijñātā (परिज्ञाता) is masculine, and neither of them pulls trividhā (त्रि-विधा) off codanā (चोदना). iti (इति) closes karaṇaṃ karma kartā (करणं कर्म कर्ता) before the second name is given.
Say it back
Cover the English. Give both trios, and give each its name. If karma-codanā (कर्म-चोदना) is called the gathering, stay here.