18.35
यया स्वप्नं भयं शोकं
विषादं मदमेव च ।
न विमुञ्चति दुर्मेधा
धृतिः सा पार्थ तामसी ॥
yayā svapnaṃ bhayaṃ śokaṃ viṣādaṃ madam eva ca
na vimuñcati durmedhā dhṛtiḥ sā pārtha tāmasī
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna (अर्जुन). This is the resolve of tamas (तमस्).
The verse
The resolve by which a dull-minded man does not let go of sleep, fear, grief, despondency, and frenzy: that, son of Pṛthā (पृथा), is tāmasī (तामसी).
नेपालीमा
जुन अडानले मन्द बुद्धिको मानिस निद्रा, भय, शोक, खिन्नता र उन्मादलाई छोड्दैन, हे पृथाका छोरा, त्यो तामसी हो।
Where it sits
The three resolves are complete: unswerving holding was sāttvikī (सात्त्विकी), holding the three aims for the fruit was rājasī (राजसी), and failing to release sleep, fear, grief, despondency, and frenzy is tāmasī (तामसी). 18.36 turns to happiness.
Split: यया + स्वप्नम् + भयम् + शोकम् + विषादम् + मदम् + एव + च + न + विमुञ्चति + दुर्मेधाः + धृतिः + सा + पार्थ + तामसी
yayā + svapnam + bhayam + śokam + viṣādam + madam + eva + ca + na + vimuñcati + durmedhāḥ + dhṛtiḥ + sā + pārtha + tāmasī
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| यया | yayā | instrumental singular feminine | by which. |
| स्वप्नम् | svapnam | accusative singular | sleep. |
| भयम् | bhayam | accusative singular | fear. |
| शोकम् | śokam | accusative singular | grief. |
| विषादम् | viṣādam | accusative singular | despondency. |
| मदम् | madam | accusative singular | intoxication. Frenzy. Pride. |
| एव | eva | indeclinable | indeed. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| न | na | indeclinable | not. |
| विमुञ्चति | vimuñcati | present, 3rd singular of vi-muc (वि-मुच्) | he lets go. He releases. |
| दुर्मेधाः | durmedhāḥ | nominative singular of durmedhas (दुर्मेधस्) | the dull-minded one. He of bad wisdom. |
| धृतिः | dhṛtiḥ | nominative singular | resolve. |
| सा | sā | nominative singular feminine | that. |
| पार्थ | pārtha | vocative | son of Pṛthā (पृथा). |
| तामसी | tāmasī | nominative singular feminine | tāmasī (तामसी). |
The phrases
yayā svapnaṃ bhayaṃ śokam (यया स्वप्नं भयं शोकम्) starts the list of what is not released: sleep, fear, grief. The quarter ends śokaṃ (शोकं) because viṣādam (विषादम्) follows. विषादं मदम् एव च viṣādaṃ madam eva ca finishes the list: despondency, and frenzy. मदम् एव madam eva is madam eva (मदमेव).
na vimuñcati durmedhāḥ (न विमुञ्चति दुर्मेधाः) is the dull man who does not let them go. durmedhāḥ dhṛtiḥ (दुर्मेधाः धृतिः) is recited durmedhā dhṛtiḥ (दुर्मेधा धृतिः). āḥ (आः) before the voiced dh (ध्) drops the visarga and leaves ā (आ). dhṛtiḥ sā pārtha tāmasī (धृतिः सा पार्थ तामसी) names the resolve that works this way.
Sanskrit in this line
durmedhāḥ (दुर्मेधाः) is the nominative singular of durmedhas (दुर्मेधस्), an --as (अस्) stem. The nominative is not durmedhaḥ (दुर्मेधः). It is durmedhāḥ (दुर्मेधाः), like other --as (अस्) stems that lengthen. Before dhṛtiḥ (धृतिः) the visarga drops, so the quarter ends durmedhā (दुर्मेधा). Put the visarga back when you split. The word is the subject of vimuñcati (विमुञ्चति). dhṛtiḥ (धृतिः) is a second nominative, the thing being named in the sā (सा) clause.
Say it back
Cover the English. Give the five things he does not release. If mokṣam (मोक्षम्) is in the list, stay here.