1.4
Upadeśasāhasrī / 1. Caitanya (चैतन्य) / 1.4
धर्माधर्मौ ततोऽज्ञस्य देहयोगस् तथा पुनः एवं नित्यप्रवृत्तोऽयं संसारश् चक्रवद् भृशम्
dharmādharmau tato 'jñasya dehayogas tathā punaḥ evaṃ nityapravṛtto 'yaṃ saṃsāraś cakravad bhṛśam
The line
From that, merit and demerit, and a new joining with a body, belong to the one who does not know. Thus this saṃsāra (संसार) rolls on without a stop, hard, like a wheel.
नेपालीमा
त्यसबाट नजान्नेलाई पुण्य र पाप लाग्छ, र शरीरसँग नयाँ जोड हुन्छ। यसरी यो संसार नरोकिई, कठिन, चक्र जस्तै गुडिरहन्छ।
Where it sits
Verse 3 was the mechanism. Verse 4 names it saṃsāra (संसार) and compares it to a wheel. Verse 5 says the root is ajñāna (अज्ञान), and that brahmavidyā (ब्रह्मविद्या) is begun in order to remove it.
Split: dharma-adharmau (धर्म-अधर्मौ) + tatas (तत) + ajñasya (अज्ञस्य) + deha-yogaḥ (देह-योगः) + tathā (तथा) + punaḥ (पुनः) + evam (एवम्) + nitya-pravṛttaḥ (नित्य-प्रवृत्तः) + ayam (अयम्) + saṃsāraḥ (संसारः) + cakravat (चक्रवत्) + bhṛśam (भृशम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| dharma-adharmau (धर्म-अधर्मौ) | nominative dual, masculine | dharma (धर्म) and adharma (अधर्म), merit and what fails it, the pair. |
| tatas (तत) | indeclinable | from that. From the desire, aversion, and acts of verse 3. |
| ajñasya (अज्ञस्य) | genitive singular, masculine | of the one who does not know. a- (अ-) plus jña (ज्ञ). Written tato 'jñasya (ततोऽज्ञस्य), the a (अ) of ajñasya (अज्ञस्य) dropped after o (ओ). |
| deha-yogaḥ (देह-योगः) | nominative singular, masculine | joining with a body, again. |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | likewise. |
| punaḥ (पुनः) | indeclinable | again. |
| evam (एवम्) | indeclinable | in this way. |
| nitya-pravṛttaḥ (नित्य-प्रवृत्तः) | nominative singular, masculine | constantly proceeding. pravṛtta (प्रवृत्त) is set in motion. |
| ayam (अयम्) | nominative singular, masculine | this. |
| saṃsāraḥ (संसारः) | nominative singular, masculine | the round of going-on. Written saṃsāraś (संसारश्) before c (च्). |
| cakravat (चक्रवत्) | indeclinable | like a wheel. -vat (-वत्) is 'like.' |
| bhṛśam (भृशम्) | indeclinable | strongly, hard. |
The phrases
The file has no caesura mark between punaḥ (पुनः) and evam (एवम्). The first line ends at punaḥ (पुनः). The second line is the image of the wheel.
ajñasya (अज्ञस्य) is whose this is. The one who knows is not the subject of this verse. That contrast arrives as a person only later. Here the genitive simply marks the one inside the wheel.
Sanskrit in this line
cakravat (चक्रवत्) is an indeclinable of comparison, like svapnavat (स्वप्नवत्) in the Viṃśatikā (विंशतिका). The noun is saṃsāraḥ (संसारः). The wheel is the picture, not a second subject.
Say it back
Whose wheel is it, and what is it like?