12.10
Mūlamadhyamakakārikā / 12. Duḥkha (दुःख) / 12.10
न केवलं हि दुःखस्य चातुर्विध्यं न विद्यते बाह्यानामपि भावानां चातुर्विध्यं न विद्यते
na kevalaṃ hi duḥkhasya cāturvidhyaṃ na vidyate bāhyānām api bhāvānāṃ cāturvidhyaṃ na vidyate
The line
Not perfection. Of pain, cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य), not is found, a compound: bāhyā (बाह्या), and by name, indeed even, of of beings, cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य), not is found.
Where it sits
In Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (मूलमध्यमककारिका), chapter 12. Duḥkha (दुःख). Pain. The words of this line are the ones to keep. A shorter line after this one may leave them unsaid.
Split: na (न) + kevalaṃ (केवलं) + hi (हि) + duḥkhasya (दुःखस्य) + cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) + na (न) + vidyate (विद्यते) + bāhyā-nāma (बाह्या-नाम) + api (अपि) + bhāvānāṃ (भावानां) + cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) + na (न) + vidyate (विद्यते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| kevalaṃ (केवलं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | perfection |
| hi (हि) | indeclinable | for, indeed |
| duḥkhasya (दुःखस्य) | genitive singular | pain |
| cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य) |
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| vidyate (विद्यते) | present, third person singular | is found |
| bāhyā-nāma (बाह्या-नाम) | a compound, the ending is on the last member | a compound: bāhyā (बाह्या), and by name, indeed. Read it from the end |
| api (अपि) | indeclinable | also, even |
| bhāvānāṃ (भावानां) | genitive plural | of beings |
| cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य) |
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| vidyate (विद्यते) | present, third person singular | is found |
The phrases
na (न) is not. It stands as indeclinable. kevalaṃ (केवलं) is perfection. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. hi (हि) is for, indeed. It stands as indeclinable. duḥkhasya (दुःखस्य) is pain. It stands as genitive singular. cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) is cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. na (न) is not. It stands as indeclinable. vidyate (विद्यते) is is found. It stands as present, third person singular.
bāhyā-nāma (बाह्या-नाम) is a compound: bāhyā (बाह्या), and by name, indeed. Read it from the end. It stands as a compound, the ending is on the last member. api (अपि) is also, even. It stands as indeclinable. bhāvānāṃ (भावानां) is of beings. It stands as genitive plural. cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) is cāturvidhya (चातुर्विध्य). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. na (न) is not. It stands as indeclinable. vidyate (विद्यते) is is found. It stands as present, third person singular.
Sanskrit in this line
cāturvidhyaṃ (चातुर्विध्यं) is accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. That ending is the work an English preposition would do.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss kevalaṃ (केवलं) and duḥkhasya (दुःखस्य).