12.5
Mūlamadhyamakakārikā / 12. Duḥkha (दुःख) / 12.5
परपुद्गलजं दुःखं यदि यस्मै प्रदीयते परेण कृत्वा तद् दुःखं स दुःखेन विना कुतः
parapudgalajaṃ duḥkhaṃ yadi yasmai pradīyate pareṇa kṛtvā tad duḥkhaṃ sa duḥkhena vinā kutaḥ
The line
A compound: another, the higher, pudga (पुद्ग), and laja (लज), pain, if, in yasmaa (यस्मअ), in pradīyata (प्रदीयत), by means of by the later one, by another, kṛtva (कृत्व), that, pain, he, that. saḥ (सः) before a consonant, by means of pain, without, from where, how.
Where it sits
In Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (मूलमध्यमककारिका), chapter 12. Duḥkha (दुःख). Pain. The words of this line are the ones to keep. A shorter line after this one may leave them unsaid.
Split: para-pudga-lajaṃ (पर-पुद्ग-लजं) + duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) + yadi (यदि) + yasmai (यस्मै) + pradīyate (प्रदीयते) + pareṇa (परेण) + kṛtvā (कृत्वा) + tad (तद्) + duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) + sa (स) + duḥkhena (दुःखेन) + vinā (विना) + kutaḥ (कुतः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| para-pudga-lajaṃ (पर-पुद्ग-लजं) | accusative singular, masculine | a compound: another, the higher, pudga (पुद्ग), and laja (लज). Read it from the end |
| duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | pain |
| yadi (यदि) | indeclinable | if |
| yasmai (यस्मै) | locative singular, or nominative singular | yasmaa (यस्मअ) |
| pradīyate (प्रदीयते) | locative singular, or nominative or accusative dual, neuter | pradīyata (प्रदीयत) |
| pareṇa (परेण) | instrumental singular | by the later one, by another |
| kṛtvā (कृत्वा) | nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular | kṛtva (कृत्व) |
| tad (तद्) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | that |
| duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | pain |
| sa (स) | nominative singular, masculine | he, that. saḥ (सः) before a consonant |
| duḥkhena (दुःखेन) | instrumental singular | pain |
| vinā (विना) | indeclinable | without |
| kutaḥ (कुतः) | indeclinable | from where, how |
The phrases
para-pudga-lajaṃ (पर-पुद्ग-लजं) is a compound: another, the higher, pudga (पुद्ग), and laja (लज). Read it from the end. It stands as accusative singular, masculine. duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) is pain. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. yadi (यदि) is if. It stands as indeclinable. yasmai (यस्मै) is yasmaa (यस्मअ). It stands as locative singular, or nominative singular. pradīyate (प्रदीयते) is pradīyata (प्रदीयत). It stands as locative singular, or nominative or accusative dual, neuter. pareṇa (परेण) is by the later one, by another. It stands as instrumental singular. kṛtvā (कृत्वा) is kṛtva (कृत्व). It stands as nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular.
tad (तद्) is that. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं) is pain. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. sa (स) is he, that. saḥ (सः) before a consonant. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. duḥkhena (दुःखेन) is pain. It stands as instrumental singular. vinā (विना) is without. It stands as indeclinable. kutaḥ (कुतः) is from where, how. It stands as indeclinable.
Sanskrit in this line
para-pudga-lajaṃ (पर-पुद्ग-लजं) is one compound. The hyphen is a teaching mark. Only the last member wears the case.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss para-pudga-lajaṃ (पर-पुद्ग-लजं) and duḥkhaṃ (दुःखं).